Matt Moreau’s Dilemma Essay

Introduction Chuck Mackness, the president of Bantings department stores recently appointed Matt Moreau as head of customer services due to customer complaints at the other department stores. To help Matt in the staffing of his newly created department, Steven Judson, corporate personnel manager, refers Sally Armitage, an ideal candidate who holds many years of management experience at other department stores. After calling Tony Abbott, regional manager, who worked with Sally and gave her performance appraisal, Matt finds out that Sally recovered from cancer a few years ago and is unsure whether Sally would be capable for the high demanding position. This paper will analyze the ethical issues and alternatives for this case. Identify the Stakeholders Matt Moreau is the newly appointed manager to improve the quality of customer service. His task is difficult and demanding because the stores are managed through an operations department who reports to the president. This means Matt will have little authority to implement new programs unless he hires people with line management experience that have developed credibility with the operations department. Chuck Mackness is the president of Bantings and appointed Matt as head of customer service as a result of customers complaining at other department stores. He expects Matt to implement new programs for the staff and stores and wants to see results by Christmas. On his last field visit, he met Sally and she indicated that she would benefit from head office experience. Chuck mentions this to Steven Judson who passes onto Matt. Tony Abbot is the regional manager that encompasses Chute Hill store where Sally is working. Tony worked with Sally when she was the assistant manager at Eastland Mall store and together they turned the store around from being the worst performer. Afterwards, he gave a performance appraisal of Sally giving her much of the credit. Tony is affected by the decision because if Matt promotes Sally, he will have to work with a different manager at Chute Hill store. Sally Armitage is a highly competent manager at Bantings who started out as a clerk and worked her way into management. She always had good or excellent performance appraisals and has management experience at various department stores. Although she is in good health, her medical history shows that she had cancer a few years ago and she still goes every three months for regular checkups. Her current position at Chute Hill store is only 10 minutes away from her home whom she lives with her teenage daughter. Despite the high performance, her medical history will be factored into Matt’s decision. Other stakeholders include Sally’s teenage daughter and the other departments in Bantings. Sally is divorced and if she does get hired, she will have less time for her daughter because she would have to commute on the road longer. The other departments in Bantings will be affected because with Sally’s ambition and her creditability to the president, the customer service department will be able to implement organization-wide programs. Stakeholders’ Frame of Reference Matt is interested in adding Sally to his staff because of her experience and her relationship with Chuck but also understands the risk of hiring an employee with her medical history. The risk is if Sally’s health deteriorates halfway through, there won’t be someone else to fill her position. It is also important to consider the cost of training and how detrimental it would be to the department especially when it is a very demanding position. Chuck Mackness, the president of the company is indirectly involved. He mentions Sally to Steven because he must have noticed her ambition to climb the corporate ladder and that he may have seen some personal traits in her. That way, Matt would of consider Sally as an candidate and the possibility of hiring her may lead to Chuck working with Sally someday. Tony Abbott does not want Sally to leave her job because he understands the health issues after working with her at the Eastland Mall store. Although Tony gave her a performance appraisal, he understands the absences Sally took were serious. During the conversation with Matt, Tony believes Sally should not be hired because of her current state of health. He believes Sally is able to cope with her current position because she lives only 10 minutes away and that she has got a good staff when she’s not feeling 100 percent so she can coast a little bit. Sally is looking for a position in head office because she is ambitious. She does not consider the factors that would affect her if she does get hired. Her commute to work would increase to one hour each way unless she moves closer to downtown. The job would take a toll on her health and she would not have much time for her daughter with the late nights, meetings and traveling. Even if her illness comes back, she believes she can cope with the demanding job by working even harder to prove to herself that she can do anything. Sally’s daughter would not want her mother to be hired because that would lead to less time spent together and if they do move to downtown, Sally’s daughter would be one hour away from school or she would have to change schools. The other departments in Banting would not want any change in operations because they would have to learn new procedures and software. Ethical Issues Matt is obligated to make decisions in the interest of the company. If Sally is hired and her illness comes back, this decision would lose money for the company and Matt’s position to improve customer service would be hampered. Also the fact that Chuck wants to see results by Christmas would put even more pressure on the department if Sally becomes ill. Because Matt knows about her medical history, he should make the best decision in her interest. By hiring Sally to the demanding position could potentially endanger her health. If her illness comes back, it would be detrimental to her and Matt. It is also important to consider her daughter and the toll it would take on their family. Alternative #1 – Hire Sally The first alternative is to hire Sally. This option has the highest risk and highest reward. The risk is by promoting Sally, her health could deteriorate and she would not be able to perform at a high level. At that point the company would have invested into her training and would not be able to train another employee in the time. The company would be at a loss and the original objective of improving customer service would not be executed properly. The upside of this is that Sally is able to cope with the stress and excels at her position. Her proven management experience and her drive to perform at a high level would ensure the improvement of customer service. Alternative #2 – Hire somebody else The second alternative is to hire somebody else with a clean medical history. This is the safest alternative because the company would not risk the possibility of the employee not able to perform the job. This option would not lose the company money as the employee would not have any sudden medical problem. There would most likely be other employees who are interested in the head office environment and are as qualified as Sally. Alternative #3 – Rent an apartment suite in downtown for Sally The third alternative is to rent an apartment suite close to downtown so the burden of the long commute for Sally is gone. The company would incur additional expenses but as long as Sally’s benefit to the company is greater than the expense, the company would go with this decision. However the risk that the job is too stressful for Sally is still present. The late nights, meetings and tensions could prove too stressful for her. Choice of Alternative The second alternative is the best option for Matt. He is able to control the fact that whoever he hires will be not have any major health issues that would ensue later on. Although Sally is the ideal candidate for the position, there are other candidates with years of management experience and have developed credibility with the operations types. In the other two alternatives, where Sally does become ill due to the demanding job, she could file a lawsuit for employee negligence. This would not happen and this alternative is also in the best interest of Sally because her current position is optimal for her health and her family.

Discuss How the Passage Contributes to the Portrayl of Faustus as a Tragic Hero Essay

Discuss how the passage contributes to the portrayal of Faustus as a tragic hero, paying particular attention to Marlowe’s use of language. Marlowe uses language in the passage from Act Five, Scene One to portray Faustus as a tragic hero, his use of the techniques; enjambment, metaphors and rhythm show this portray. Marlowe uses enjambement to show Faustus as a tragic hero because he now regrets his choice to sell his soul this is shown in line 86-87, ‘whose sweet embracing may extinguish clean these thoughts that do dissuade me from my vow’ although Marlowe has written these as an attempt to blackmail Mephistopheles, the use of enjambement makes the line sound rushed which makes it sound more like a desperate plea thus showing how much Faustus regrets his decision, since this is near the end of the play this is suggesting that Faustus fears eternal suffering rather than actual remorse. Faustus asks for Helen to come to him to be his ‘paramour’ this suggests that Faustus is using his sexual desire in order to ‘shut out the truth that he cannot face’ again showing his fears of eternal suffering this shows Faustus as a tragic hero because he now regrets selling his soul to Lucifer and he can do nothing to stop his fate. Marlowe uses metaphors in order to show Faustus as a tragic hero as he shows Faustus’s desire to win back his soul even though he will not prevail. In line 95, ‘her lips suck forth my soul. See where it flies! shows Faustus desire to be free as flying is used as a connotation for freedom however the line also foreshadows the ending of the play as he is dragged in to hell, showing that Faustus is a tragic hero as he desires control over his soul again but will not be triumphant. The line 102-103 ‘yea I will wound Achilles in the heel and then return to Helen for a kiss’ is a metaphor used to show Faust us’s desire to win in the battle with Lucifer. Marlowe uses Achilles who had one weakness to show Faustus’s struggle and his desire to regain control of his soul in order to avoid eternal suffering thus depicting Faustus as a tragic hero. Marlowe uses rhythm of the play to show how quickly Faustus’s fate approaches him. In lines 98-99 Marlowe uses the image of a fast paced war to show Faustus will not win the battle for his soul ‘I will be Paris, and for love thee instead of Troy shall Wittenberg be sacked’ Faustus compares himself to Paris who was defeated in the battle of Troy, this foreshadows the ending of the play as it is Faustus who loses the battle for his conscience as it is now too late to repent. Marlowe also uses enjambement in this line to show the fast paced rhythm the way one line tumbles into the next shows time speeding up showing Faustus as a tragic hero. Marlowe uses certain techniques in language in order to portray Faustus as a tragic hero as he cannot change his fate even though he wishes to through enjambement, metaphors and rhythm.

Green cost to go green Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Green cost to go green - Research Paper Example None of the three is renewable and they also pose great dangers to the environment (Hargreaves). Although there is no fixed computation, different sources estimate another 50-120 years of supply of these sources of energy (McLamb). These could go shorter if the dependence accelerates. This is the primary reason that makes it critical for everyone to develop renewable sources of energy. Just like any revolutionary idea, renewable sources of energy are getting their fair share of criticism such as the high cost of initial installation. In the United States, Massachusetts is one of the States that are vigilant in pushing the growth of renewable energy sources. Solar panels, wind turbines and geothermal energy are the top three sources that are being developed. Below is critical examination of the current state of renewable sources of energy, legislations that are helping push it forward and the costs and savings that each source requires. Solar Panels Traditional energy sources are slow ly dwindling away, which one of the main reasons for sky rocketing energy bills experienced by most resident in Massachusetts. As a way to overcome this financial debacle and also to safe guard the energy needs of the nation, the government has look for ways to establish more cost efficient and renewable energy sources for the residents of Massachusetts. ... Current State of Solar Energy Solar power installation figures in Massachusetts are around 2,000 solar panels, which generate around 22 megawatts of electricity. Those figures are impressive but not big enough compared to the target the government has set for itself according to its energy portfolio standard. An energy portfolio standard is a regulation which seeks to increase the production of energy from renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, etc. The Massachusetts renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS) was created to legislate the restructuring of the electric utility industry. In the year 2003, the RPS required that 1% of electricity in Massachusetts should be generated from renewable energy sources. Thereafter, the percentage should increase by 0.5% every year up to 2009. After that, the annual percentage increase should be 1%, until suspended by the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources (DOER). With those types of targets in mind, the government would li ke to increase from the current production of 22 Mw to 400MW by the year 2020. This is quite a tall order to meet, and one the solution that Massachusetts has been able to use, is the establishment of the Common Wealth Solar Rebate Program. This program provides rebates through a non-competitive application process for the installation of solar (photovoltaic) panels, done by professional, licensed contractors at public, commercial, institutional and industrial facilities. Eligibility is limited to host customers and project sites, located in Massachusetts and be a customer of either a municipal lighting plant or a Massachusetts electric distribution utility. Under this program, there are several rebate systems that encourage both utility

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ART - Essay Example There is asymmetrical balance in the figure since the artist used lighter colors at the front with dull shads at the background to illustrate the use of depth. Forms have been used to illustrate the volume and mass of the portrayed 3-diemensional object that occupies a larger positive space making the entire painting asymmetrical. The artist has well used patterns, which involves random repetition of shapes and other elements. Patterns will mostly occur in nature with artists using similar repeated motifs to create the required shape (Loupton and Philips, 28). Therefore, pattern is used to enhance visual excitement by enriching the surface interests. In the artwork in question, there is deliberate repetition of forms to create rhythm through reflection of the main artwork. Visual movement in the art work is used by the artist in directing the viewer through their intended work to a focal point, which functions as the point of interest. Movement is achieved by use of lines edges, shap es and colors in creating different values (Natomas High School, 2002). In the artwork in question contrast, shapes, and color are used to create this movement where the viewer is taken to the main figure, and its continuous reflection, with color value and contrast used to a mirage that resembles a pool of water. The artwork thus enriched through contrast. Contrast is the difference in values, texture, color, shapes and other elements that result into visual excitement, and adds to interest towards the artwork. This prevents having the same color value that would result to monotony and boredom of the artwork (Natomas High School, 2002). Image 7 The painting uses lines and contrast resulting into the effects of multiplicity and unity of figures that interact to bring about a single interactive artwork. Color has been extensively used in the painting to create dominance and contrast. The red color on the foreground creates an effect of danger, with red signifying blood. The use of sh apes and forms such the human head at the front with color red from its nose signifies death where the head and the body separate. The entire unity of picture thus brings about the feeling of conflict, chaos and disharmony, with items in the artwork scattered all over to indicate disharmony. The contrast caused by the red coloring at the foreground and the background results into a good balance. There is a good balance of visual effects using value contrast; the light intensity is uniform in the painting leading to the background images that have the same message as the activities on the foreground reflecting conflict. The conflict and disharmony is further amplified using color and lines. This leads to flow, where the painting seems to flow away from its frame area to reflect dynamism, and blood flowing reflecting conflict. The color value and temperature contrast used creates a 3-D artistic work. Pattern is evident in the artwork. Forms have been repeated over and over both planne d and random repetitions enhanced by variation of lines and color to create richness in the art work as can be observed from the forms of clothes spread all over. The high contrast used creates clarity to amplify conflict and disorder in the artwork. Visual movement is achieved using forms at the background; where two men are walking past a woman at the center, and the overflowing blood all that integrates to create the

Greek Ethnic Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek Ethnic Identity - Essay Example In world history, Greeks are one of the most prominent groups of people owing to their huge contribution to ancient civilization. With the constant reference to these people in antiquity’s historical, literary, philosophical, and architectural involvement, it becomes interesting to know who the Greeks through a deeper look at their ethnic identity. Starting at their first reference to themselves as Greeks which sets them apart to other groups, it should be noted that their ethnic identity has evolved through the different historical events and transitions that they went through. Thus, this paper will look at Greek identity during the antiquity and modern times.In the eyes of a Westerner, the term Greek is used to refer to any speaker of the Greek language regardless of their origin. Thus, Greek refer to either Mycenaean, Byzantian, and modern Greek recognizing that all these groups speak the same language amidst their time of existence. However, Greeks are very much particular about their racial purity denying the existence of â€Å"ethnological adulteration.† This very strong sense of racial purity is important to all the Greeks and is repeatedly communicated to all the non-Greeks. According to Shea (1997), â€Å"the Greek insistence on ethnological purity for its people is not unusual among expressions of nationalism.† Starting from the ancient Greeks, there has been this awareness and insistence that Greeks are homogenous without the influence or presence of cultural minorities. It goes strongly with the assertion of the Greeks of their lofty heritage and their perception of other ethnicities as being inferior. Thus, ethnic awareness of Greeks is centered on their belief of racial purity. In fact â€Å"Modern Greek identity is based on an unshakable conviction that the Greek State is ethnically homogenous. This belief ... has entailed repeated and official denial of the existence of minorities which are not of 'pure' Hellenic originâ₠¬ .

Models of Integration and Architecture Research Paper

Models of Integration and Architecture - Research Paper Example Models Viability Enterprise modeling is one of the architectural modeling that is very important in an organization. It has the character of having the basic knowledge about the enterprise and previous models about the same type of enterprises together with new ideas. This helps the organization to have a high propelling factor and gives the management team the ability to understand their duties in order to run the enterprise effectively. This model is endowed with the knowledge of giving any organization the way through by ensuring there are enough of resources, information, goals and activities to perform in order to ensure continuity (Bubenko, 2009). This model can be mostly used in marketing an organization or can apply to organization which offers consultant services to other organization to ensure their success. The design of an enterprise is given by this important factor of enterprise modeling because it gives the explicit language that defines the enterprise. When the modeli ng design is introduced in an organization, it gives the organization the morale to perform its duty, because every one working in the organization will have a good understanding of his duties in the organization (Frank, 2009). It also helps the organization to gain a large market share and have a large profit margin. This improves the structural shape of the organization leading to its growth and expansion. Functional modeling is the other modeling design that will align the steps to be followed in product manufacture. This gives the guidelines on how raw materials are turned into finished goods. This is the backbone of every organization because it is the sector that generates goods sold to customers. This means that this part of production should be taken seriously so as to give quality products that will not be rejected by customers, because when they are rejected they bring a major loss to the organization. When such losses appear in an organization they might lead to the closu re of the organization. This is also the model that controls the finances of an organization. It is the body that is concerned with purchasing the raw materials, refining the raw materials to finished goods and marketing the goods to the customers. These organization departments are very important and if not well managed, they can cause a down fall of the organization. The departments arrange for the human resource and control every activity that is undertaken in the organization (Bubenko, 2009). The end of each department in an organization should ensure that he provides policies and procedures to govern daily operation. Barriers Leading to Lack of Adoption of the Models The major barriers in adopt such models in an organization include lack of finances, poor management strategies in an organization, lack of raw materials and lack of skilled personnel. Lack of finances is a major factor that can result to poor or failure to implement of these models in an organization, because they require a lot of cash to be fully implemented. Lack of management leads to poor utilization of organizational resources leading to lack of resources to run the organization, which can not only lead to lack of adoption of the models but also can lead to the closure of the organization like Cleveland clinic (Dietz, 2010). Resources that are required for production in an organization are very important for the growth of the organization (Frank, 2009). These are the raw materials which give the organization

Latin american countries economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Latin american countries economy - Essay Example The authors argue that the distributive conflicts are the major reason for Brazilian inflation. In their opinion, social groups such as unionized workers, rentiers and monopoly capitalists have monopoly power and can determine the prices of their goods or services strategically. When some of these groups use their market power to increase their share of national income, other groups also react with the same weapons and subsequently conflict inflation may arises. Another reason mentioned in the article for Brazilian inflation is the monetary crisis. The deterioration of Brazilian currency is related to the problems in the supply of money. The authors refereed this type of inflation as the extra money inflation. In their opinion, extra money can be created both privately and by the public sector. They argued that extra money increases the nominal national income. If extra money increases demand in those sectors which are operating in full strength, prices will increase if imports of are inadequate. Thus extra money produces inflation. In short, the authors believe that high inflation, high interest rates, balance of payment vulnerability and the government’s inability to maintain low inflation rates and exchange rate stability are the major obstacles in front of Brazil in attaining proper economic growth. The author of this article argues that Colombian economic growth is directly related to the armed conflicts existing in that country. Coffee is one of the major revenue sources for Colombia; however, coffee prices dipped a lot in the recent past which affected Colombian economy drastically. Economic decline brought poverty and unemployment in Columbia for the past few decades. The author argues that pathetic living conditions made Colombian soil fe3rtile for antisocial activities like armed violence. Colombian administration is not getting enough time to concentrate more on the problems in

The Brazilian experience Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Brazilian experience - Research Paper Example A business organization must sell products to survive and to grow. The marketing concept states that an organization should try to provide products that satisfy customers’ needs through a coordinated set of activities. Customer satisfaction is the major aim of the marketing concept. An organization has to find out what will satisfy customers, and create satisfying products. The organization must continue to alter, adapt and develop products to keep pace with customers’ changing desires and preferences. The marketing concept stresses the importance of customers and emphasizes that marketing activities begin and end with them.2 (Jobber & Lancaster, p. 15) In the new business environment, the twenty-first century that is, it is essential to determine the new target market and the potential size. Knowing the number of people that the business is targeting as its potential customers is a primary goal of any business. Although the playing field has been significantly widened by the Internet and information technology for business organizations, still the potential market size has to be pinpointed in the planning and initial stages of the business or even when the operation is thoroughly ongoing. By having a website, an organization can have an idea how the customers respond and patronize their products. New web features enable website and customer interaction. Customers post their inquiries, product opinion and complaints living behind their ideas about the company, which in turn provides information for future business plans and strategies. Websites also ask customer preferences and data. These information inputs provide expert knowledge for target market, size and ‘characteristics’ of regular and potential customers. By knowing who their customers are, business people become creative. The company must encourage its workforce to become creative by asking their opinion, suggestions and ideas for improvement and organizational success. The p otential market size and target are important to the real estate business that our organization is planning to implement in the country Brazil. Brazil’s economy is growing fast and there is also a wide playing field. With the help of our website, we can penetrate the areas of the growing middle- and lower-classes of society, and even the rich sector. These different sectors are in need of real estate. Our product – real estate – is still in demand for the growing market. 1.2 Resources The people or employees are an asset to the organization. Commentators suggest that employees or workers are an organization’s greatest asset. They are a part of organizational knowledge and organizations have to invest much on what is called human capital. The 4Ps which is Product, Price, Place, Promotion – and a fifth which is people – are the basis of a marketing strategy employed by most firms for competitive advantage. The marketing mix variables are usual ly considered internal variables which a manager bases his/her decisions. Strategic human resource provides effective management of the staff, retention, and turnover processes, selection of employees that fit with both the organizational strategy and culture, and cost effective utilization of employees. As an outcome, the firm can have an increased performance, enhanced customer and employee satisfaction and shareholder value. Employees of international organizations hav

Hospitality Course Forecast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Course Forecast - Essay Example Many countries have seen tourism result in the creation of a solid service sector that comprises almost all aspects of accommodation, transportation and activities or rather events. Tourism is sometimes referred to as leisure travel as most of its activities are recreational in nature. When you focus on something, it is likely that you will achieve your target. Setting of goals is quite significant in every line of business or career. As a hospitality student, one has to have personal goals some of which are highlighted below (Hospitality, 2011). i. Hospitality studies call for students to carry out analysis of complex quantitative and qualitative data to develop reports, financial worksheets and other related exercises using current tools for business automation. As a result, students’ primary goal should be attaining effective skills in written and oral communication, the use of technology as well as in quantitative reasoning required for handling these tools. iii. To learn and work both independently and collectively or collaboratively. Some activities require team-based working in order to accomplish successfully. Being able to work in both conditions (individual or team) is vital to the success of a hospitality career. iv. To develop the intellectual confidence, curiosity as well as engagement that will result in long-term learning. This is largely attributed to the fact that the hospitality industry is one of the most dynamic industries in the contemporary world. This can be achieved by engaging students with professionals in the filed like guest speakers, attending major conferences, and other events. v. Developing a global perspective that will enable the student to effectively work and live in a society that is increasingly global. This is because the industry is global with major hospitality industries in countries like UK having spread

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 108

Case Study Example As the boss is also in a compromising situation where social media exposes his nakedness. The important fact now is for Paul to understand the pros and cons that are associated with social media. Having the boss as his friend can work in his favor by the boss getting the positive perspective of Paul’s personality hence building confidence in Paul. However, Paul is to desist from making reckless comments that tarnish the image of the company or the boss. Such comments will land him in a bad setting with the boss. Social media improves communication. The friendship will make Paul to easily communicate with the boss as they are friends (Stewart, 2013). The above aspect is critical as it transudates’ to even productivity at the work place. However, it is important for limits to be set on what is communicated on social media. Paul should desist discussing work with the boss on social media plat forms. Matters as asking for sick leave are to be handled in an official manner. Paul should desist from leading the boss to discussing matters pertaining work such as supervisory roles. In case such a topic arises, Paul can let it fade away or totally ignore the conversation as it fades away with lack of attention on the subject matter. Most companies have policies that guide employee’s conduct on social media. Such policies are especially designed and have the capacity to handle Paul’s case. In absenter of such policies, Paul is advised to desist from discussing other employees with the boss on the site and giving personal opinions about the company on the site. Social media is a site that offers an opportunity for people to interact. Paul’s case with the boss is not unique but an increasing headache to many employees. Clearly, bosses that request for friend ship on social media to their juniors are curious and should be handled diligently. Once in friendship with the boss one should be cautious on the photos posted and comments. Some of the bosses

Ethical concerns Essay Example for Free

Ethical concerns Essay In this report I will be examining and explaining ethical concerns that communities face when a business operates. In this case I will be using Primark as the selected business. Primark within the past year or so have faced many concerns that have heavily affected the surrounding communities of where their businesses operate such as the sweat shops discovered within the UK. This was a big ethical concern due to the child labour and the incredibly low pay rate which broke UK trading laws and human rights. Although this was not as shocking as the Bangladesh disaster which involved the collapse of a large factory that Primark produced products in. The result of this caused many lives to be taken and serous court action taken on the managers and owners of this factory. While these workers worked within this factory they worked under incredibly poor conditions and an incredibly low pay rate of 25 pounds a month to live on. This conditions which workers lived under not only affected them for the worse but their entire community was surviving on barley enough money to eat or live in acceptable conditions. What this factory was doing to the community before it collapsed is enough to break most trading laws such as human rights and workplace safety. But when the factory collapsed killing close to a hundred of its workers it has had a bad effect on the environment and communities due to the debris and rubble that surround the site. Primark have admitted liability and paid compensation but a lot more could have been done to prevent this; * Safety – Primark could at least send one health and safety officer to examine the workplace before Primark makes business deals with. If problems arise then Primark could invest in the work place raising its safety standards instead of having to pay fines then being known as an unethical business. * Wellbeing checks – Primark could send Human resources employees to examine the wellbeing of the employees of the business which business deals are to be made. This would make sure that the business is operating ethically and to the standard of what their customer’s expect. * Send assessors on a yearly or monthly basis – To make sure the safety of the workplaces and the wellbeing of its workers is kept up to the average standard from the first visit assessors should be sent to document the businesses maintained standard. To which it is then reported back to superiors. What Primark have done after the Bangladesh; Spending $1 million (? 640,000) on short term aid and food aid the victims. * Compensating thousands of families that where effected by the disaster. * Opened a website -http://www. primark-ethicaltrading. co. uk/ on this website it has information on what further action Primark is taking to help and aid the local communities such as an improved safety programme and the HERproject which focuses on the wellbeing and health of female workers.

Analysis of Economies Based on Data Into Stage 1, 2 and 3

Analysis of Economies Based on Data Into Stage 1, 2 and 3 Indranil Dhar Analysis of economies based on data into Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 Based on World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report 2014/2015[1]. And the data provided in the spread sheet, the countries can be divided into: Factor Driven Economies (Stage 1)[2] Efficiency Driven Economies (Stage 2)[3] Innovation Driven Economies (Stage 3)[4] This distinction is primarily based upon GDP per Capita as well as share of exports of mineral goods in total exports.[5] Stage 1 Factor Driven Economies: Vietnam Myanmar Nicaragua Transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 Botswana Stage 2 Efficiency Driven Economies Thailand Tunisia Transition from Stage 2 to Stage 3 Croatia Mauritius Stage 3 Innovation Driven Economies Greece Hence Competitive index of a stage 1 economy can be calculated as follows: = 0.6(Factory Driven Economies) + 0.35(Efficiency Driven Economies) +0.05 K- which is a constant for Innovation Driven Economies) Hence Competitive index of a stage 2 economy can be calculated as follows: = 0.5(Factory Driven Economies) + 0.45(Efficiency Driven Economies) +0.05 K- which is a constant for Innovation Driven Economies) Hence Competitive index of a stage 3 economy can be calculated as follows: = 0.2(Factory Driven Economies) + 0.5(Efficiency Driven Economies) +0.3 K- which is a constant for Innovation Driven Economies) Here 1st Pillar: Institutions (25%) Intellectual property protection Burden of Government regulation Here 2nd Pillar: Infrastructure (25%) Quality of Overall Infrastructure Here 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment (25%) Gross National Savings as a % of GDP( Here since all the parameters are in range of 1-7 with 1 being worst and 7 being best, I have modified the data within excel to showcase this( please refer Appendix A) Here 4th pillar: Health and primary education (25%) Quality of primary education Hence Factor Driven Economies = (Intellectual property protection+ Burden of Government regulation)/2(25%) + Quality of Overall Infrastructure (25%) + Gross National Savings as a % of GDP (25%) + Quality of primary education (25%) Here 5th pillar: Higher education and training (17%) Quality of maths and science education Here 6th pillar: Goods Market efficiency (17%) Trade Tariffs(Here since all the parameters are in range of 1-7 with 1 being worst and 7 being best, I have modified the data within excel to showcase this( please refer Appendix A) Here 9th pillar: Technological Readiness (17%) FDI and technology transfer (17%) Here Efficiency Driven Economies = (Quality of maths and science education (17%) + Goods Market efficiency (17%) + Technological Readiness (17%)) (Since information about other pillars are not present) We will analyse the countries at each stage with regards to its short term growth (up to 10-15 years) and long term growth (15-20yrs +) on the basis of the competitive index at their respective stages and the competitive index of their next higher stage. If the competitive index of a country at its own stage is high it means that the country is away from its steady state and hence it will have short term growth prospects. Similarly if the competitive index of a country is higher at its next stage it means it is ready for the next level and hence it has long term growth prospects. This is off course subject to the condition that the current growth parameters at its current stage are at a satisfactory level. Analysis of Stage 1 economies Since these are stage 1 economy the assumption here is more or less they have a similar production function though convergence law may not apply as these countries are having different economic, cultural, geographical, historical backgrounds. As Stage 1 economies, the growth rate is heavily dependent upon capital accumulation which in turn is dependent on high investment (savings rate). It will also depend upon primary education, quality of infrastructure, labour, and health and primary institutions more than secondary education or trade barriers or technological innovation. It will also depend if the country has reached its steady state at that production function level and at what level of capital accumulation. Only if it shows sustained growth i.e. it is far away from its steady state and its primary factors( competitive index at stage 1) is high, it can be evaluated to check if can increase its production function to the next higher level for which more importance will then be gi ven onto secondary education, trade barriers and technological advances( Competitive index 2). Also GDP growth of previous years gives a trend. Considering the above factors we can conclude that Vietnam will grow the fastest within the next 10-15 years (short term). As it shows favourable stats it can progress to the next higher stage in the next 20 years. Myanmar on the other hand seems to have achieved steady state at a very less capital. Since the rate of investment is less and its primary factors such as education and infrastructure is less, its growth prospects are less. With a high trade barrier and less secondary education and lesser technological advances it cannot graduate itself to a stage 2 economy in the next 20 years. Nicaragua has similar statistics to that of Myanmar. However its primary education, quality of infrastructure is higher which suggests a higher growth prospect. Since its trade barriers are less and technological parameters are high, it has more chances of long term growth than Myanmar. Overall, the ranking on the basis of long term growth is as follows: Vietnam Nicaragua Myanmar Analysis of Stage 2 economies Since these are stage 2 economies, these will be more dependent on the next higher production function curve which is higher education, trade barriers, and technological advances. Off course investment in infrastructure, institutions, primary education and capital accumulation will still remain important though not as high as they were for stage 1 economies. Botswana seems to be leading the pack but because it is highly dependent upon minerals mainly diamond mining which have finite years and are subject to market speculations[10], it will be ranked lower to that of Thailand due to the fact that it is lesser in secondary education and technology transfer. Thailand in fact can graduate to the next higher level in the next 20 years. Tunisia on the other hand due to its high trade barrier will have consistent slow growth rate at its current productivity levels and will not progress to the next higher level. Overall, the ranking on the basis of long term growth is as follows: Thailand Botswana Tunisia Analysis of Stage 3 economies Since these are already stage 3 economies, the determinant factor will be their distance from steady state. And this will be dependant on high total factor productivity factors such as technological innovation, efficiency, human capital, trade barriers more than capital accumulation or primary education or quality of infrastructure unless there is a big issue with those parameters. The competitive index of stage 3 sums up the critical factors and based on that we can say Mauritius is having this highest growth prospect followed by Croatia and Greece. Greece is having a recession which can suggest in a way that it has reached its steady state. Since it’s technological and efficiency factors are not very high, it will struggle to grow in both short as well as long term. Overall, the ranking on the basis of long term growth is as follows: Mauritius Croatia Greece Conclusion: Based on the above analysis, we can conclude that Vietnam is the most growing country whereas Greece is the least. The rankings are as follows: Vietnam Thailand Botswana Nicaragua Mauritius Tunisia Myanmar Croatia Greece Iron Law of convergence Convergence can only happen when the countries are similar in terms of geography, culture, history and other related parameters. Countries that can be clubbed together Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar Croatia and Greece Mauritius and Botswana In the case of Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar, Vietnam can catch up with Thailand in the next 20-30 years. Similarly, Croatia will catch up with Greece within the next 10 years. And finally Botswana will catch up with Mauritius within next 10 years. [1] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15.pdf [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report [3] http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report [4] http://www.scribd.com/doc/154276062/National-Competitiveness-Report [5] http://openaccesslibrary.org/images/ULV227_Mark_Loo.pdf [6] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15.pdf [7] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf [8] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15.pdf [9] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf [10] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15.pdf [11] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15.pdf [12] http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf

The Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay

The Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay Wikipedia The traditional filing system is a method of storing and arranging computer files and the information in the file. Basically it organizes these files into a database for the storage, organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computers operating system. For this method, a file name is assigned to a file in order to secure storage location in the computer memory or data storage devices such as hard disks or CD-ROMs are used to maintain the physical location of the files. By this file name a file can be further accessed. Whether the file system has an underlying storage device or not, file systems typically have directories which associate file names with files, usually by connecting the file name to an index in a file allocation table. A new concept for file management is the concept of a database-based file system. Files are identified by their characteristics, like type of file, topic, author, etc (DBMS) consists of software that operates databases, providing storage, access, security, backup and other facilities. This system can be categorized according to the database model and the type of computer that they support such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the query language(s) that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum scale or maximum speed or others. Some DBMS cover more than one entry in these categories, e.g., supporting multiple query languages. Meanwhile database management systems are usually accessed in a client-server manner, where the database client and the server are located on different machines (in a local area network). Both systems deal with information management. File-based System File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users, such as updating, insertion, deletion adding new files to database etc. Each program defines and manages its data. When a computer user wants to store data electronically they must do so by placing data in files. Files are stored in specific locations on the hard disk (directories). The user can create new files to place data in, delete a file that contains data, rename the file, etc which is known as file management; a function provided by the Operating System (OS). Advantages of traditional file based system Disadvantages of traditional file based system No need of external storage Provides less security. No need of a highly technical person to handle the database. Redundancy is more. Processing speed is high as compared to DBMS Less integrity. High complexity in updating of database. Table 1.1.1 Database Management System The improvement of the File-Based System (FBS) was the Database Management System (DBMS) which came up in the 60s. The Database Management System removed the trouble of manually locating data, and having to go through it. The user could create a suitable structure for the data beforehand, to place the information in the database that the DBMS is managing. Hence, the physical organizing of files is done away with and provides the user with a logical view of the data input. A database is a collection of interrelated information stored in a database server; these data will be stored in the form of tables. The primary aim of database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information fast and in an efficient manner. Advantages Control of data redundancy Although the database approach does not remove redundancy completely, it controls the amount of redundancy in the database. Data consistency By removing or controlling redundancy, the database approach reduces the risk of inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of the idea are kept consistent. More information from the same amount of data With the amalgamation of the operated data, it is possible to derive additional information for the same data. Sharing of data Database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. Improved data integrity Database integrity provides the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Improved security Provides protection of data from unauthorized users. It will require user names and passwords to identify user type and their access right in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion. Enforcement of standards The integration of the database enforces the necessary standards including data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. Economy of scale Cost savings can be obtained by combining all organizations operational data into one database with applications to work on one source of data. Balance of conflicting requirements By having a structural design in the database, the conflicts between users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole rather than for an individual person. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness By having integration in the database approach, data accessing can cross departmental boundaries. This feature provides more functionality and better services to the users. Increased productivity The database approach provides all the low-level file-handling routines. The provision of these functions allow the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application development. Improved maintenance Provides data independence. As a change of data structure in the database will affect the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance. Increased concurrency Database can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no interference between users that would not result any loss of information or loss of integrity. Improved backing and recovery services Modern database management system provides facilities to minimize the amount of processing that can be lost following a failure by using the transaction approach. Disadvantages Complexity A difficult software. All users must be familiar with its functionality and take full advantage of it. Therefore, training for the administrators, designers and users is required. Size Uses a substantial amount of main memory as well as large amount of disk space in order to make it run efficiently. Cost of DBMS A multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even after the installation, there is a high regular annual maintenance cost on the software. Cost of conversion When moving from a file-base system to a database system, the company is required to have additional expenses on hardware acquisition and training cost. Performance As the database approach is to cater for many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some applications may not run as fast as before. Higher impact of a failure Increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications reply on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously. The difference between TFS and DBMS Balajee B. (2005), There are number of characteristics that differ from traditional file management system to database management system. In file system approach, each user implements the required files for a specific application to run. (Example: in a sales department of an enterprise, one user will be maintaining the details of the number of sales personnel in that department and their grades. These details will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Another user will maintain the salary details of these sales personnel and the detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users need the data of the salespersons, they will be having their details in separate files and they need different programs to operate their files.) When such data is isolated in separate files, it is difficult to access data that should be available for both users. This will lead to wastage of space and redundancy or replication of data, which may lead to c onfusion, as sharing of data among various users is not possible and data inconsistency may occur. These files will not be having any inter-relationship among the data stored in these files. Therefore in traditional file processing every user will be defining their own constraints and implement the files according to their needs. In database approach, a single store of data is maintained that is defined once and then accessed by many users, as database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. The essential characteristic of database approach is that the database system not only contains data but it contains complete definition or description of the database structure and control. These definitions are stored in a system catalog, which contains the information about the structure and definitions of the database. The information stored in the catalog is called the metadata, it describes the primary database. Hence this approach will work on any type of database for example, insurance database, Airlines, banking database, Finance details, and Enterprise information database. But in traditional file processing system the application is developed for a specific purpose and they will access specific database only. But the processing speed in TFS is high compared to DBMS. The other main characteristic of the database is that it will allow multiple users to access the database at the same time and sharing of data is possible. The database must include concurrency control software to ensure that several users trying to update the same data at the same time, it should maintain in a controlled manner. In file system approach many programmers will be creating files over a long period and various files have different format, in various application languages, where duplication of data can occur. This redundancy in storing same data multiple times leads to higher costs and wastage of space. This may result in data inconsistency in the application; this is because update is done to some of the files only and not all of the files. Moreover in database approach multiple views can be created; External view User/Application view, Conceptual view Logical view, Internal view Details about the structure of data and physical storage of information. View is a tailored representation of information contained in one or more tables. View is also called as Virtual table because view does not contain physically stored records and will not occupy any space. A multi-user database whose users have variety of applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views. In traditional file system, if any changes are made to the structure of the files it will affect all the programs. Therefore, changes to the structure of a file will require to change all programs that access the file and whereby data dependence will be lost. But in the case of database approach the structure of the database is stored separately in the system catalog from the access of the application programs. This property is known as program-data independence. Database can also be used for continuous storage for program objects and data structures that resulted in object oriented database approach. Traditional systems suffered from impedance mismatch problem and difficulty in accessing the data, which is avoided in object oriented database system. Database can be used to represent complex relationships among data as well as to retrieve and update related data easily and efficiently. Hence DBMS does not automatically remove redundancies, but help to control redundancy. It is possible to define and enforce integrity constraints for the data stored in the database. The database also provides facilities for recovering hardware and software failures, as it has automatic and intelligent backup and recovery procedures. It reduces the application development time considerably when compared to the file system approach and availability of up-to-date information of all the users. It also provides security to the data stored in the database system and maintains integrity. A highly technical person will be required to handle the database, while for TFS, it is not so. File-based systems are very dependent upon the application programmer. Any required queries or reports have to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be entertained and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered. DBMS has data independence. The way information is stored and the way information issued is independent of each other. File-based systems also give tremendous pressure on data processing staff, with users complaints on programs that are inadequate or inefficient in meeting their demands. Documentation may be limited and maintenance of the system is difficult. Provision for security, integrity and recovery capability is very limited. Whereas, DBMS has control over security as it provides tools such as use of User Code, Password / Privileges and Roles to ensure security of data. Data, Field, Record, and File are the main components of Database environment. Briefly explain those. Data Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), Distinct pieces of information usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can exist in a variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a persons mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word. The term data is often used to distinguish binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a distinction between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data). In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store adminis trative information, known as metadata. Field Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells. Most fields have certain attributes associated with them. For example, some fields are numeric whereas others are textual; some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name. In database management systems, a field can be required, optional, or calculated. A required field is one in which you must enter data, while an optional field is one you may leave blank. A calculated field is one whose value is derived from some formula involving other fields. You do not enter data into a calculated field; the system automatically determines the correct value. A collection of fields is called a record. Record Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. In relational database management systems, records are called tuples. Some programming languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. Figure 1.2.1 Source Author Anon., File Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text. What is the Importance of DBMS in a Defense Organization and in an Education Department? Defence Organization Benjamin (n.d.), A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computers of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. As organizations develop with time, their adoption to the latest technologies in the computer field becomes a necessity. A Defence organization is no different. In these turbulent times, when national security is more important, providing all Defence personnel with access to the latest technology and education opportunities not only directly contributes to Defence capability but also improve the defence personnels career development. Hence the importance of a DBMS in such an organization like Defence is vital. Because Database administrators could use this system to configure and operate databases as the software provides high level, privileged database access. But the management should restrict use of this software to authorized personnel. One function of the database administrator is to create particular views of information stored in the database that are unique for each type of user. For example, one officer will have a different view of information in the database than another, say Senior officer. The different user groups will also have different abilities to add, modify, or delete information. The database administrator is responsible for providing users with access to the appropriate level of information. The primary risk associated with database administration is that an administrator can alter sensitive data without those modifications being detected. A secondary risk is that an administrator can change access rights to information stored within the database as well as their own access rights. Database security is the last line of defence. So it deserves greater focus on the protection of private data from both internal and external. The sensitivity and classification of the information stored in the database form the basis for establishing controls. A database that stores confidential information may require a more significant control environment than a database that stores non-sensitive information. Management should consider the security and performance implications of the security options available with modern database management systems. Database security professionals and information security and risk management professionals could adopt a security strategy in DBMS to: 1) Align database security policies with information security policies; 2) Ensure well-defined and formalized database security procedures; 3) Enforce role separation; and 4) Apply advanced security measures such as database auditing, monitoring, database encryption, data masking, and vulnerability assessment to all critical databases that store private data. The DBMS can provide long-term benefits for the Defence organization reducing duplication of data and making it easier for HR to update personnel records. If not for DBMS, each time there was a personnel change, trainers would have to go through their entire content to make the necessary changes. Now, replacing Brigadier Xs picture in the content library with Commodore Ys picture can be automatically replicated through all relevant programs. Thereby reduce its expenditure on storage. But, initial training will be required for all programmers and users. Even though database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design, there is greater data integrity and independence from applications programs and Education Department Sue Bushell (2004), To improve teaching and learning with the help of modern information and communication technology eLearning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The Information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process. E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move towards blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations. E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs 100% online. As per wikipedia.org, the worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over $48 billion US according to conservative estimates. Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with consulting, content, technologies, services and support being identified as the five key sectors of the e-learning industry. E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the E must be understood to have broad meaning if e-learning is to be effective. Luskin says that the e should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to electronic that is a traditional national interpretation. This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation. E-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training There are many advantages to online and computer-based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. There are a few disadvantages as well. Advantages of eLearning (Anon., n.d) E-learning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. Cost effective E-learning is more cost effective than traditional learning because less time and money is spent traveling. Since e-learning can be done in any geographic location and there are no travel expenses, this type of learning is much less costly than doing learning at a traditional institute.   Flexibility Flexibility is a major benefit of e-learning. E-learning has the advantage of taking class anytime anywhere. Education is available when and where it is needed. E-learning can be done at the office, at home, on the road, 24 hours a day, and seven days a week.   Learners  like e-learning because it accommodates different types of learning styles.  They have the advantage of learning at their own pace. Students can also learn through a variety of activities that apply to many different learning styles. Learners can fit e-learning into their busy schedule. If they hold a job, they can participate in eLearning right at their desk. If the learner needs to do the learning at night, then this option is available while in their pajamas and do the learning if they desire.   Personalized learning E-learning encourages students to peruse through information by using hyperlinks and sites on the worldwide Web.  Learners are able to find information relevant to their personal situations and interest. E-learning allows selection of  learning materials that meet their level of knowledge, interest and what they need to know to perform more effectively in an activity.   E-learning is more focused on the learner and it is more interesting for the learner because it is information that they want to learn. E-learning is flexible and can be customized to meet the individual needs of the learners. Develops knowledge E-learning helps develop knowledge of the Internet. This knowledge will help learners throughout their careers. E-learning encourages students to take personal responsibility for their own learning. When learners succeed, it builds self-knowledge and self-confidence Disadvantages of eLearning Access One disadvantage of eLearning is that learners need to have access to a computer as well as the Internet. They also need to have computer skills with programs such as word processing, Internet browsers, and e-mail. Without these skills and software it is not possible for the  learner to succeed in eLearning.   E-learners need to be very comfortable using a computer. Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials difficult. This may cause the learners to get frustrated and give up.   Software and files Another disadvantage of e-learning is managing computer files, software comfortability and learning new software, including e-learning. For learners with beginner-level computer skills it can sometimes seem complex to keep their computer files organized.  The lesson points you to download a file which the learner does and later cannot find the file. The file is downloaded to the folder the computer automatically opens to rather than a folder  chosen by the learner. This file may be lost or misplaced to the learner without good computer organizational skills. High motivation E-learning also requires time to complete especially those with assignments and interactive collaborations. This means that students have to be highly motivated and responsible because all the work they do is on their own. Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may not complete modules and may fall behind Isolation Another disadvantage of e-learning is that students may feel isolated and unsupported while learning. Instructions are not always available to help the learner so learners need to have discipline to work independently without assistance. E-learners may also become bored with no interaction with instructors or classmates.   Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about course activities and deadlines. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help Conclusion Today many technologies can be, and are, used in e-learning, from blogs to collaborative software, E-Portfolios, and virtual classrooms. Most e-learning situations use combinations of these techniques. Even though the hardware and software start-up are costly, the advantages are; reduced data redundancy, reducing updating errors and increased consistency, greater data integrity and independence from applications programs, improved data access to users through use of host and query languages, improved data security and availability of facilitated development of new application programs and ability for intensive research are the benefits of DBMS. Task 2 Draw an Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by the Medi Check Hospital. Produce the resulting tables of above Medi Check Hospital and clearly indicating the primary and foreign keys. Data Tables Doctor DoctorID (primary) Lname Fname Address Phone Pager Specialty Location Availability Patient PatientNo (primary) PatientFirstName PatientLastName PatientAddress PatientTelNo PatientDob PatientMaritalStatus PatientDateRegistered Appointment AppointmentNo (primary) PatientName Date/Time PatientTelNo Symptom SymptomCode (primary), SymptomName Description Treatment TreatmentTitle (primary) TreatmentType Duration Status TreatmentCost Medication MedicationNo (primary) MedicationType SideEffect Dosage Frequency Severity MedicationBrandName MedicationManufactureName MedicationManufactureAddress MedicationManufactureTel Normalize these tables to ensure that are all in BCNF. Show the steps you have taken in normalizing the tables. UNF Medication (DoctorID, Lname, Fname, Address, Phone, Pager, Specialty, Location, Availability, PatientNo, PatientFirstName, PatientLastName, PatientAddress, PatientTelNo, PatientDob, PatientMaritalStatus, PatientDateRegistered, AppoinmentNo, PatientName, Date/Time, PatientTelNo, SymptomCode, SymptomName, Description, TreatmentTitle, TreatmentTy

Chivalry Essay -- essays research papers

Chivalry Chivalry, the order of knighthood, and especially, the code of knightly behavior, comes from many origins. In Middle English, the word "chevalrie" meant "mounted horseman". In Old french, the word "chevalrie" meant knightliness or "chevalier" meaning knight. (Microft, Encarta) Almost all origins of the word meant horseman. Warfare was not an option in the medieval period and the knight was the most crutial part. The knight's ability, and the military strength of the lord or king were nessesary for their survival. A knight was loyal to his king even though he was not always a member of his personal court. He was also loyal to his lord or landowner. Most of all, he was loyal to God, as all Christian knights were. A Christian knight had virtues of fidelity, piety, loyalty and devotion to God. However, some knights did not live this ideal lifestyle. (Duby) A young boy in training to be a knight spent the first few years of his life in care of the women in his family. At the age of 7 years old, a child of noble birth would be placed in the castle of a lord or govenor. This is where the training for knighthood began. As a page, the boy would be tutored in Latin and French, but he devoted most of his time to physical exersice, and duties. A page was educated in wrestling, tilting with spears, and military exercises that were done on horseback....

Capital Punishment has NO Place in Civilized Society :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment has no Place in Civilized Society Since our nation's founding, the government -- colonial, federal and state -- has punished murder and, until recent years, rape with the ultimate sanction: death. More than 13,000 people have been legally executed since colonial times, most of them in the early 20th Century. By the 1930s, as many as 150 people were executed each year. However, public outrage and legal challenges caused the practice to wane. By 1967, capital punishment had virtually halted in the United States, pending the outcome of several court challenges. In 1972, in _Furman v. Georgia_, the Supreme Court invalidated hundreds of scheduled executions, declaring that then existing state laws were applied in an "arbitrary and capricious" manner and, thus, violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, and the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of equal protection of the laws and due process. But in 1976, in _ Gregg v. Georgia_, the Court resuscitated the death penalty: It ruled that the penalty "does not invariably violate the Constitution" if administered in a manner designed to guard against arbitrariness and discrimination. Several states promptly passed or reenacted capital punishment laws. Thirty-seven states now have laws authorizing the death penalty, as does the military. A dozen states in the Middle West and Northeast have abolished capital punishment, two in the last century (Michigan in 1847, Minnesota in 1853). Alaska and Hawaii have never had the death penalty. Most executions have taken place in the states of the Deep South. More than 2,000 people are on "death row" today. Virtually all are poor, a significant number are mentally retarded or otherwise mentally disabled, more than 40 percent are African American, and a disproportionate number are Native American, Latino and Asian. The ACLU believes that, in all circumstances, the death penalty is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment, and that its discriminatory application violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Here are the ACLU's answers to some questions frequently raised by the public about capital punishment. Doesn't the Death Penalty deter crime, especially murder? No, there is no credible evidence that the death penalty deters crime. States that have death penalty laws do not have lower crime rates or murder rates than states without such laws. And states that have abolished capital punishment, or instituted it, show no significant changes in either crime or murder rates. Claims that each execution deters a certain number of murders have been discredited by social science research. The death penalty has no deterrent effect on most murders because people commit murders largely in the heat of passion, and/or under the influence of alcohol or drugs, giving little thought

indians :: essays research papers

the native american indians are very spiritula people. They hunt bison and buffalo In Indian Blood II, I incorrectly stated that Allan W. Eckert started "the Blue Jacket War."   He did not.   It seems clear now that Robert Van Trees did.   In fact, to call it a war is to mischaracterize this mindless tirade by Van Trees and some of his ardent supporters over a simple academic question:   Was Blue Jacket white?   Ã‚      Blue Jacket was a Shawnee chief and it is not really important  whether he was adopted or native--any more than it makes a difference whether one of his wives was white, which Van Trees does not dispute.   According to the information on Carlyle Hinshaw's website, Hinshaw called for a "crusade," using his word, to protest and suppress the republication of Eckert's The Frontiersmen. Thereafter, Eckert's publisher was bombarded with  letters and phone calls from the dozen or so people involved.   Letters were sent and some were posted on the site. Several people wrote Allan Eckert directly.   Ã‚      When asked for comment, Eckert said that some of the letters  he received in this "crusade" were actually hate mail, personally attacking him and calling him names. Pointless harassment.   I should point out that none of the responsible Shawnee scholars--neither Randy Noe nor John Sugden--would join in this disgraceful display of lynch-mob mentality.   Ã‚      I was given Hinshaw's web address by another Shawnee researcher.   Hinshaw's website   at first favorably impressed me, but after I came upon a page of protests led by Van Trees‘s article  entitled "Bluejacket and Swearingen Families Declare War on Eckert," I was taken aback. "Declare War," he says, in such strong language that makes you think of terroristic attacks, some kind of crazy holy war for, in his words, our "honored dead."   This strikes me as unfair and bizarrely un-American, like shouting down the opposition.   Ã‚     This is, after all, a simple and rather silly academic issue. If someone--Rev. Jesse Jackson, say--should write a book claiming that Blue Jacket was actually black and that historians had been wrong in their account of him all these years, would there be a similar protest?   I hardly think so.   Why not just write your own book and let the other fellow write his?   Ã‚     When I asked Mr. Van Trees about this, he said that the tirade against Eckert was justified and by US Mail he sent copies of the rabid hate mail that Robert Denton Bluejacket and others had sent  to Eckert--as if that explained everything.

Breaking Unhealthy Habits through Continuous Realization, Planning, and Actualization Essay

The unhealthy habits of a person may differ from another in terms of its nature, quantity, and occurrence. In fact, it is common and quite predictable for an individual to develop at least one unhealthy habit (Van Dusen, 2008). Unhealthy habits may include common examples such as cigarette smoking, frequent and excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages, and overeating unhealthy food variants. As one can see from the examples, unhealthy habits are usually common practices of numerous individuals; thus, they are generally overlooked. However, there is a reason as to why such habits are termed as unhealthy. The reason for the term is that one’s personal health and welfare are compromised through the practice of such habits. Hence, keeping unhealthy habits are a considerable risk to an individual. Therefore, there is a need for individuals to take action and finally break unhealthy habits. The process of breaking unhealthy habits can be divided into three major segments which are realization, planning, and actualization. In terms of realization, an individual must assess the unhealthy habits that he or she currently practices and must understand the possible repercussions by continuing such negative practices. In fact, it has been determined that the problem as to why people rarely break free from unhealthy habits is that they do not realize the dangers associated with their actions (Van Dusen, 2008). If an individual will completely be able to understand the negative effects of his or her unhealthy habits, then questions regarding the reason why such habits should be or should not be continued will arise. For example, a male smoker may think that cigarette smoking is good since it helps in keeping the alertness of a person; on the other hand, he may also think about the detrimental effects that smoking has on the body such as increased risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. When the individual finally realizes that the negative aspects generally outweigh the positive ones, then the next segment of breaking unhealthy habits can be initiated. Planning pertains to the possible actions that one can make in order to move away from continuously doing an unhealthy habit. Using the male smoker again as an example, he may plan to eliminate all the cigarettes that he currently has and remove all related objects or signs as well. In addition, the smoker may also opt to consult experts in cases of nicotine addiction in order to gain further knowledge and potential solutions to his problem. The expert may provide medical solutions to such a problem by offering specific sets of drugs to help the body adjust to the condition of being nicotine free. In this sense, an individual with an unhealthy habit may plan to conduct actions that will prevent further occurrence of the habit itself by eliminating the root causes and associated objects or consulting with consulting experts or medical professionals when applicable. Hence, planning to break an unhealthy habit may be conducted personally or with the help of others. The last segment of the process pertains to actualization. This is quite self-explanatory since planning will be of no use if not followed. Therefore, a person that has assessed and planned what he or she must do in order to break an unhealthy habit must not only start out his or her plan but stick to it as well. Given this, an individual that initiates ways in order to remove the unhealthy habit but ends up quitting halfway will obviously be not successful in eliminating the unhealthy habit. Thus, one can only determine that a person has broken free of unhealthy habits if the person does not return to doing it for a long period of time. In this sense, breaking an unhealthy habit is not defined by being free of such unhealthy actions in the short period after the actualization of the plans. Keeping clean of unhealthy habits requires continuous conviction and belief that returning to the practice of unhealthy habits will only bring forth negative consequences. Therefore, breaking unhealthy habits and maintaining a state free of such habits is not easy, but through a continuous sense and understanding of the three segments discussed, it is highly probable that the individual will be successful in his or her pursuit.

Electronic Smart Device for Active Learning Essay

The evolution of handheld portable devices and wireless technology has resulted in radical changes in the social and economic lifestyles of modern people. (El-Hussein & Cronje, 2010, p. 12) For international students, electronic smart devices is a kind of appropriate learning resource to assist them in overcoming learning difficulties and improving learning efficiency and initiatives. Thus, Nell Mobile Device Company has authorized Rusty Marketing Company to investigate the feasibility and necessity of â€Å"developing a new electronic smart device product to improve the ability of active learning among international students†. As an international college, QUTIC has a certain number of international students from different parts of the world. Therefore 20 QUTIC students will be referenced as convenience sampling. Everyone of them will be asked to finish a paper-based questionnaire with 1 open search and 9 closed search questions, at P block, Kelvin Grove Campus in 8 April 2013. All responses will be voluntary and anonymous. The primary data will be analyzed and then showed in a graphic form. Scholarly journals and dissertations will be referenced as a kind of mainly secondary data. The report will recommend if or what an ideal mobile device might need to be developed.

The Electronic Cigarette Alternative

We live in a fast-paced world, and with each invention things speed up even more. And here it does it again. An electronic version of anything, from the e-book to the cloud technology, will continue to have rejoinders in the arrival of the e-cigarette. Fancy a drag? Why not try it through a healthier form of smoking in the medium provided by e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes are the latest crazes that were made in a bid to replace tobacco in a world that is becoming more aware about health hazards.The lectronic cigarette resembles the traditional cigarette in appearance but it works its magic by simulating the effect of tobacco once it hits the system. The e-cigarette can very well become the means that one can adopt to help them wean off smoking altogether although research questions remains to be framed and studied regarding how successful or common this optimistic attitude has resonated with smokers or aspiring quitters. However, as an alternative, the e-cigarette is said to be safer tha n real' cigarettes.The concept was formulated by a Chinese pharmacist, Hon Lik, in the period following the new millennium, allowing the continued inhalation of nicotine sans the cons of tobacco smoke. Although the e-cigarette was welcomed by a flurry of bans by different countries around the globe, the openness and inquisitive spirit of research has once again opened the way for real questions to be asked regarding the advantages of switching from ciggies to its electronic version. The e-ciggies are more ser-friendly.The user merely needs to take long drags to release the nicotine from the cartridge. That's the end of traditional lighters for you. Once no longer in use, the atomizer in the cylinder detects a change in air pressure and deactivates. It comes in different flavors so the user can take their pick. It is a safer option for newbie's. Some old timers say that the e-cigarette makes for a poor replacement because they feel that the ‘hit' is missing when they inhale the smoke released into the throat.Maybe it's not even about going away from ‘real' cigarettes. E-cigarettes exist as an option in a market that is driven by its ability to offer buyers with variety. Their pitch stands on the foundation that they are free from over 4000 chemical that are present in traditional fags. Finally, the user will benefit from the product because they will have more disposable income to spend on other products as e-cigarettes are way cheaper than their big brother.

Differential Pricing and Segmentation on the International Hotel

Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet: the case of hotels Rama Yelkur Assistant Professor of Marketing, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA Maria Manuela Neveda DaCosta A Professor of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA Hotels, Service industries, Pricing, Segmentation, Loyalty, Internet Keywords Introduction In the 1950s, marketers discovered that, if they gave their customers what they wanted Abstract and did it better than the competition, their In the ever-changing electronic sales grew.With the advent of the Internet, environment of the twenty-first marketers have access to the technology to century, price is one of the key customize products and communicate strategic elements that is often overlooked by firms. The paper directly with smaller target markets. The addresses differential pricing in Internet is now firmly established as a business-to-consumer electronic marketing tool. It serves as an integral part commerce, in particular of the marketing mix, serving as a digital differential pricing for hotel services sold on the Internet. istribution channel as well as an electronic Hotels are able to take advantage storefront. of differential pricing for various When a firm establishes a presence on the segments because the market for Internet, its marketing activities, including hotels can be divided into narrow customer segments. An overview advertising, pricing, and distribution, should of e-commerce and Internet reflect characteristics unique to the medium marketing is provided. The to help consumers realize the value added characteristics of products sold over traditional methods. online and differential pricing are discussed.Pricing policies for onConsumers in the Internet medium are line marketing are examined with more than just passive recipients in the a special emphasis on differential marketing process (Hoffman et al. , 1995). The pricing, customer loyalty and Internet is an interactive medium as opposed segmentation. With the help of secondary data, online pricing to traditional marketing which usually strategies used by hotels on the allows only one-way communication (Peters, Internet are evaluated.Finally, 1998; Sandelands, 1997) from marketer to conclusions are drawn and implications for the hotel industry consumer. re discussed. Many diverse vendors, from florists to manufacturers of durable goods, as well as service providers such as airlines and hotels have rushed to do business on the Internet. In order to effectively market on the World Wide Web (the Web), companies need to evaluate the basic components of the marketing mix: product, price, place, and promotion. In the ever-changing electronic environment of the twenty-first century, firms must identify and sustain competitive advantage in order to survive. Price is one of the key strategic elements that is often overlooked by firms (Yelkur and Herbig, 1997).In the on-line setting, companies have the oppo rtunity to utilize price to build competitive advantage by enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty by meeting Management Decision 39/4 [2001] 252 ±261 # MCB University Press [ISSN 0025-1747] The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www. emerald-library. com/ft the demands of specific segments which have the potential to improve the firm's profit position. How much impact is the Internet really having on the market mix, especially pricing?Is it changing the approach to pricing or is it merely complementing traditional pricing practices? Our paper addresses differential pricing and segmentation in business-to-consumer electronic commerce, in particular differential pricing for hotel services sold online. The consumer segments in the hotel industry are based on usage, situation, and frequency of use. Hotels are able to take advantage of differential pricing for various segments because the market for hotels can be divided into specific custom er segments (Awh, 1998; Yelkur and Herbig, 1997).The more specific the segment, the easier it is to estimate demand; the knowledge of demand is essential to adopting a differential pricing strategy. This paper is organized as follows: An overview of e-commerce and Internet marketing is provided. The characteristics of products sold online and differential pricing are discussed. Pricing policies for online marketing are examined with a special emphasis on differential pricing. The importance of customer loyalty and segmentation and their relationship to differential pricing on the Internet are emphasized.With the help of secondary data, online pricing strategies used by hotels on the Internet are evaluated. Finally, conclusions are drawn and implications for the hotel industry are discussed. The growth of e-commerce Business conducted over the Internet is commonly referred to as electronic commerce or e-commerce. E-commerce is changing the way firms do business. In 1999, e-commerce t ransactions accounted for over $150 billion in sales and it is predicted that this amount will increase to $3 trillion by the year 2003 (The Economist, 2000). E-commerce [ 252 ]Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet: the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 [2001] 252 ±261 transactions come in many forms. Table I displays an e-commerce matrix that illustrates the difference among these various types of transactions by giving examples: Business-to-business transactions still account for 80 percent of all e-commerce business but consumer-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, and business-toconsumer (the object of this study) transactions are expected to grow astronomically in the next decade.According to an Internet consulting firm (Forrester Research, as cited in The Economist (2000)), business-to-consumer trade in the USA amounted to about $20 billion in 1999 and could reach $184 billion by 2004, which is about 5 percen t of USA's retail trade. Product characteristics that facilitate Internet marketing Some areas of retailing and commerce may be particularly well suited for the Internet, given certain characteristics (see Table II). For business-to-consumer marketing, as proposed by Peterson et al. 1997), products and services in the context of the Internet can be classified on the basis of: . cost and frequency of purchase; . value proposition; and . differentiability. Products can vary from low cost, frequently purchased goods (ex: coffee), to high-cost, infrequently purchased goods (ex: car). In general, for goods for which purchase fulfillment requires physical delivery in a short time, the Internet is not an appropriate mode of delivery (Peterson et al. , 1997).For an industry such as hotels, where a transaction can be completed without physical delivery of the product and the frequency of purchase is relatively low and the cost is relatively high (when compared with consumables such as coffee ), the Internet is a more efficient medium for firms to use to conduct business. The suitability of the Internet also depends on the tangibility of the product. Internet marketing is practically well suited for certain types of services. For example, it is now widely used for banking and other financial services.When the value proposition is intangible and the frequency of use higher, the greater is the advantage of the Internet as a transaction and distribution medium. The transport and delivery of the goods are an important consideration. Clearly, it is easier to sell lighter goods over the Internet than bulky and heavy ones. Then, there are those that can be delivered electronically like software, music, and certain services like banking, insurance, travel and hotels. The 1999 top-ranking products in the US market in terms of online transactions were computer hardware/ software, travel, financial brokerages, and collectables.In fact, intangible or symbolic information products su ch as airline tickets or hotel reservations gain tangibility on the Internet medium. Internet marketing can result in extreme price competition when products are similar, because other factors that moderate competition (ex: store location) are absent. However, when products and services are capable of significant differentiation, the Internet can serve as a method of segmenting consumers and directing them toward the appropriate product or service, as is the case Characteristics of Internet marketingThe Internet represents an extremely efficient medium for accessing, organizing, and communicating information. As such, the Internet subsumes communication technologies ranging from the written and spoken word to visual images. Internet marketing is one of the newest distribution channels marketers use to reach the customer. It is different from traditional channels in that it is also a communication network. Like all communication networks, the Internet is all about establishing and re inforcing connections between people.The Internet has been growing rapidly in the second half of the 1990s and today it is available in approximately 38 percent of US households (Nielsen Media Research, 2000). No medium including television has reached the 50 million-user mark in four years (Strauss and Frost, 1999). The integration of the Internet as a technological tool as well as a delivery medium with traditional marketing has transformed the processes firms use with which to conduct business. Table I The e-commerce matrix Business Business B2B GM/Ford EDI networks C2B Priceline Accompany Consumer B2C Amazon E*trade C2C EBay QXLConsumer Source: The Economist, 2000 [ 253 ] Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet: the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 [2001] 252 ±261 in the hotel industry. The â€Å"hotel† product is relatively expensive, infrequently purchased, has an intangible value proposition, and rat es high on differentiation from competing products. As a result, sellers are able to charge a higher price based on the match between the buyer's needs and the nature of the product offering.In a traditional setting, such personalization would turn out to be relatively expensive. Yelkur and Herbig (1997), are explained below: Select a target market The broad target market for a business is already chosen when the product is positioned. The firm needs to divide its broad target market into smaller segments. Differential pricing The model of price discrimination or differential pricing used by Cannon and Morgan (1990) provides an important analytical insight into many discriminatory pricing practices.The prices charged by a firm practicing differential pricing are usually not proportional to the marginal costs incurred in producing the service. When firms adjust their prices according to customer, location or product, they are said to follow the strategy of segmented pricing or differ ential pricing (Strauss and Frost, 1999). It is not unusual for businesses to offer varying prices for consumers by age group, for example, senior citizen discounts. In addition, customers can be differentiated based on customer type, for example, the business customer versus the individual customer.Businesses can also offer different prices for products based on location; for example, the pricing of a hotel room in San Francisco, California, would be different from a similar room in Phoenix, Arizona. Finally, firms frequently price products differently not necessarily based on cost, but rather on the willingness to pay. For example, firstclass airline tickets are always priced much higher than economy fares (Strauss and Frost, 1999). In summary, segmented pricing can be based on three major factors: customer type, location of product or service, and product or service offering.It is also possible to customize prices based on the profile provided by the customer, as is the case for hotel services sold online. The five steps a firm must take to achieve a differential pricing policy, as illustrated by The essence of any customer service strategy is to segment the customer to be served. It is important to differentiate between market segmentation and customer service segmentation. Customer service segments differ from traditional market segments in significant ways. Customer service segments tend to be narrower (Davidow and Uttal, as cited in Yelkur and Herbig (1997).In addition, the narrower the segments, the more homogeneous they tend to be, making it easier to estimate consumer demand for each segment. Another factor that cannot be overlooked is the usage situation. Segmentation needs to take into account the what, where, how and why of demand. As demand is a result of the interaction of a person with the environment, a segmentation perspective that includes both the person and the situation is needed to explain the demand. In service industries such as hotels , distinct lines can be drawn, say, to divide different types of customers such as the vacationer or the business traveler.The usage situation thus gives the firm a guideline for customer service segmentation. Once customer segments are identified, the next step is to estimate the demand for each of these segments. Divide the target market into smaller customer service segments Steps for differential pricing Table II Product characteristics matrix for hotels Cost and frequency of purchase Relatively high cost Infrequently purchased Value proposition Intangible Service-related good Degree of differentiation Significant differentiation possible Source: Based on the Peterson et al. (1997) model [ 254 ]Customer demand can be estimated by a method suggested by Oren et al. (1984), which proposes that there are many customers in a target market, each with different characteristics summarized in an index, say, t, indicating customer type (based on the customer service type). Assuming that t here is a continuum of types with indices in the interval t0 t t1. The fraction of the population whose types are less than an index t is given by a distribution function H(t) (which forms the customer segment as described in the previous section) that is assumed to be continuous and strictly increasing. It implifies notation to let s = H(t) be this fraction so that t = H(s), and s is uniformly distributed on the interval 0 s 1. One can use s to denote a customer rank or customer type. Although this method is more suited to physical goods markets, it can be applied to service markets as well. In Estimate demand for each customer segment Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet: the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 [2001] 252 ±261 practice such estimations should be substantiated with both historical and estimated market data.Reservation price indicates the maximum amount a customer is willing to pay for a good or s ervice (Guiltinan, 1987). The reservation price of the customer indicates her willingness to pay and is the underlying benchmark for setting different prices for different customer segments. Classifying customers by the value they place on the service provides a rough estimate of the cost of satisfying them as well as the price they are willing to pay. Firms operating in service industries can use differential pricing only if they can estimate the distributions of the reservation prices.The amount by which the reservation price exceeds the actual price is the consumer surplus. The reservation price (Rp) would therefore depend on the value the customer places on the service (V) and the number of different firms offering the service (N). That is, Rp = f(V,N). The greater the number of firms offering the service, the lower will be the reservation price of the consumer. Whereas, if the customer has only a limited number of choices (substitutes), then her reservation price becomes higher ; that is her willingness to pay increases (her demand becomes more inelastic).The final price is determined for each customer segment based on customer type, location and product/service offering. Thus, though there is no change in marginal cost, different prices are charged depending on the type of customer segment and the reservation prices for each segment. Among the goods and services that are sold online, hotel services appear to be particularly well suited for differential pricing because of the ease of segmenting customers at a relatively low marginal cost. Determine reservation prices (which indicate willingness to pay) for each segmentRosen and Howard (2000) provides examples of improved transaction efficiency for service industries such as banking, travel, and stock brokerage. Table III illustrates the reduction in transaction costs for service firms because of delivery via the Internet. Traditional pricing strategies such as differential pricing, discussed in the previou s section, are particularly well suited to ecommerce. We will focus primarily on differential pricing for online services, also referred to as segmented pricing.A new and unique method of pricing called dynamic pricing, which is easily facilitated by the electronic medium, enhances differential pricing for online services. The Internet enables marketing managers to update product databases instantly and continuously, as new product features are developed and price adjustments are made (Strauss and Frost, 1999). Dynamic pricing allows Internet customers to receive up-todate price information on demand from product databases. This information changes with time and by user.For example business customers may receive different prices than individual customers. Business customers may receive different price information based on volume ordered. Thus, dynamic pricing allows further customization by target customer and further enhances the traditional segmented or differential pricing in the online environment. Determine prices for each segment Online presence of hotels Hotel services seem to be particularly suited to sale on the Internet. They can be delivered online and, once in place, benefit from tremendous economies of scale and scope.One firm can design a Web site and then just differentiate from locale to locale and from hotel to hotel at very low cost. In fact, the marginal cost of adding one more line to the Web site or another site for a new hotel is practically negligible. Despite these advantages, the hotel industry seems to have been relatively slow at â€Å"going digital† and using the Internet as a marketing tool. Hotel transactions in the USA account for less than 5 percent of the US total volume of e-business transactions. However, there is some indication that this is likely to increase significantly in the near future.Table IV shows that online travel business transactions increased from $2. 2 billion in 1998 to $6. 5 billion in 1999, a 200 pe rcent increase. Furthermore, when we disaggregate the total online travel bookings by travel product, it is interesting to note that lodging Pricing policies on the Internet E-commerce is likely to have a significant impact on pricing, as it creates a more competitive environment in which firms may sell. The Internet is able to generate different pricing mechanisms, particularly by allowing customers to make instant price and product comparisons.The Internet offers significant opportunity for reducing operating costs, particularly for service firms (Rosen and Howard, 2000). A study by Andersen Consulting (as cited in [ 255 ] Rama Yelkur and Maria Manuela Neveda A DaCosta Differential pricing and segmentation on the Internet: the case of hotels Management Decision 39/4 [2001] 252 ±261 increased from 13 percent in 1998 to 16 percent in 1999, a trend that is likely to continue. Table IV Total online travel bookings by travel product 1998 $2. 2 billion market (%) Air Lodging Car Cruis e/tour 80 13 7