Cyber Espionage - 4042 Words

Cyber Espionage In India Cyber espionage is an area that has recently attracted the attentions of Indian government and corporate houses alike. Both Indian government and corporate houses are the biggest loosers from cyber espionage. Sensitive information on national security and trade secrets and commercial information has been occasionally stolen through cyber espionage in India. India has been a victim of cyber espionage on many occasions where crackers operating in foreign jurisdictions regularly attack Indian computers and have successfully taken out sensitive information. International community is stressing upon enhancement of their cyber security capabilities unlike India. As a result of this apathy, India is facing†¦show more content†¦The report on this from SecureWorks notes that without the cooperation of the government of the Peoples Republic of China, further attribution of the hacking activity is difficult or impossible. The possibility of a nation such as China engaged in large-scale cyber-espionage through APT attacks came up again last week. In a report entitled Revealed: Operation Shady RAT, McAfee says evidence it got from a server out on the Internet shows 72 businesses and government agencies, most in the U.S. but from several other countries as well, have suffered APT infiltrations since 2006. McAfee says the attacker is probably a nation-state, but it didnt point to any particular country. McAfees Revealed: Operation Shady RAT only names a few of the victims, including the World Anti-Doping Agency in Montreal, the Asian and Western national Olympic Committees, and the United Nations, along with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Dmitri Alperovitch, vice president of threat research at McAfee labs, says McAfee has tried to reach those it believes were targeted based on the log evidence from the server it gained legally in March. Some IP addresses are very clear, theyre the firewall of an organization, Alperovitch says. The intention of the McAfee report is to show that someone is going to a tremendous amount of effort to compromise these computers, he says. Alperovitch says the APT server inShow MoreRelatedCyber Espionage3202 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT The aim of this report is to examine the topic of cyber espionage. Incidents and threats of espionage committed using software tools have become frequent headlines in news stories in recent years, thus the existence of cyber espionage is undeniable. This report begins with an introduction of the topic, followed by a literature review. Moving on, two case studies specifically involving the use of Trojans and sniffers to commit espionage will be discussed. The scope of these case studies includesRead MoreSecurity And Privacy : Cyber Espionage2380 Words   |  10 Pagesare their another strengths. 3.0 HACKERS AND THEIR MOTIVES: †¢ who is Attacking? ï‚ § Cyber Espionage ï‚ § Industrial Espionage ï‚ § Malicious Insider ï‚ § Cyber Criminals ï‚ § Personal Attacks †¢ Where are they from? Cyber Espionage are generally who targets on national and international spying to steal bank s sensitive information, They could be someone intentionally hired by government or organizations. Industrial Espionage were who target s on competitive companies, They could be hired by organization. MaliciousRead MoreCyber Espionage3573 Words   |  15 PagesCyber espionage:- Definition:- Cyber espionage (also spelled cyber espionage) â€Å" | involves the unauthorized probing to test a target computer’s configuration or evaluate its system defenses, or the unauthorized viewing and copying of data files. | † | â€Å" | uses computer or related systems to collect intelligence or enable certain operations, whether in cyberspace or the real world. | † | Cyber spying, or  cyber  espionage, is the act or practice of obtaining secrets without the permission ofRead MoreCyber Espionage And Cyber Terrorism987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat 90% of companies worldwide admits on having being unprepared to protect themselves from any type of cyber-attacks. Large corporations like Target and Hope Depot has been target cyber security breach. That compromise thousands of employees and customers confidential information such as the social security number and credit cards accounts. But some small business weren’t so lucky, as cyber criminals took control of their entire network and completely destroying the whole company. Cybercrime willRead MoreCyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks1662 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Espionage Attacks This kind of attacks differ from other types of cyber-attacks as they have a different source from where the actual attack comes from, which is mainly from within the organization that is being attacked. It may be the most difficult type of attack in which organizations are able to defend themselves from, for example if the attack is emanating from an individual that holds a high rank within the company. Taking an example of the United States where the government has a processRead MoreCyber Espionage In China Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesagencies were specifically targeted for cyber espionage. On July 9, 2013, Larry Wortzel, a member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission testified before the House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation. He revealed the following assessment of China’s cyber activities against the United States. China is using its advanced cyber capabilities to conduct large-scale cyber espionage. China to date has compromised a rangeRead MoreEssay On Cyber Espionage In China750 Words   |  3 PagesChina concerning economic espionage has been viewed with both optimism and skepticism. It’s the first agreement of any substance on the issue, which is a hopeful sign. China doesn’t enjoy a reputation of carefully adhering to international agreements and there is doubt about whether the agreement will have any practical effect on China’s behavior. Since the early 2000s, cyber espionage issues have increasingly strained U.S.-China relations. All countries engage in espionage, but China is one of theRead MoreWhy Chinas Cyber Espionage Is A Threat1822 Words   |  8 Pages Why China’s Cyber Espionage is a Threat Cyber espionage is the act of attempting to penetrate an adversarial system for the purposes of extracting sensitive or protected data of either social or technical in nature. They are illicit activities that range from the commercial and economic to the political and strategic. They include small nuisance attacks to matters of high magnitude and importance like the national security and intelligence (Cornish 2012). Chinese cyber espionage has continued toRead MoreIs Huawei A Bad Reputation For Cyber Espionage? Essay700 Words   |  3 Pages3com led to Huawei not landing any major US contracts. This seems to be having a small domino effect in other countries also, examples being UK government offices scrapping all Huawei video intercom devices and even going so far as to review a UK cyber security centre run by Huawei, also, India’s state owned BSNL dropping Huawei from it’s suppliers after being advised by India’s own intelligence bureau, stating that Huawei ca n not be trusted with it’s sensitive telecom expansion. Similarly, AustralianRead MoreProblems with Ethiopia’s Unofficial Cyber Espionage Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesEthiopia advanced in cyber espionage against its citizen’s. Innocent journalist from local and from other countries are being tortured, killed and imprisoned for speaking their opinions to the world. Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage program targets innocent journalists and violates the United Nations-The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Article 19 Freedom of Expression. The purpose of this paper will address problems with Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage and evaluate the

The 14th Amendment Birth Tourism - 1399 Words

Basnet 5 Ujwal Basnet Professor: Sharifian Govt-2305 29 June 2017 U.S. 14th AMENDMENT: BIRTH TOURISM The issue about birth tourism can be attributed the different perceptions and interpretations regarding the 14th Amendment which was adopted in the aftermath of the civil war in 1868 in the United States of America. Tracing back, the War was purposed at granting black Americans full citizenship. To this moment, there have been numerous debates regarding this issue of how the 14th Amendment ought to be interpreted. All these arguments and different perceptions have only resulted to this common aspect of terming the U.S as a destination for ‘Birthtourism.’ Much has been speculated, where scholars like George Will refer to this particular†¦show more content†¦Universities. The trend of this activity is also reported to be also evolving outside Asia with Turkey and Nigeria both recording an explosion in popularity of birth tourism. The Economic Pros and Cons Regarding Birth Tourism in the United States As seen in this context, citizenship through birthright, which applies to anyone born in the United States regardless of foreign parents, has been a frequent subject of debate. The entire aspect which can be attributed to the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution accrues both cons and pros on the U.S Economy. Some tend to believe that the removal of this particular reform as provided in the Constitution could help in curbing illegal immigration (Sheehan 2). Pros  · Birthright citizenship could save social services and healthcare for economic gain Governmental funds could be saved instead of going towards mothers, particularly who are in the United States illegally. This is something that would make fewer immigrants desire to come to this country for the same reason. As much as these babies who are U.S. citizens through birthright are entitled and qualified for social programs even outside the nation, a tremendous amount of taxpayers’ money is massively saved. Through the privilege of having a U.S. visa, expectant mothers can fly to this country and give birth to their kidsShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Birth Tourism1182 Words   |  5 PagesFederal Government 2305 30 June 2017 Birth Tourism Birth tourism is when a foreigner travels to a country for the sole purpose of giving birth to gain citizenship. This is becoming an increasing problem in the United States. The 14th amendment allows for American born babies to gain citizenship in the country. Many immigrants are taking advantage of this amendment to gain citizenship for their child and then flee. Despite the benefits that the 14th amendment presents, I believe that it should beRead MorePros And Cons Of Birth Tourism897 Words   |  4 Pagesssignment Two Researching the term â€Å"birth tourism† and how birth tourism may or may not impact our system and resources has given me an eye-opening opinion about the matters. 1 Matters being that the 14th Amendment allows for automatic natural-born citizen status for anyone born on U.S. soil. And based on my readings and research the following questions are being ask; 2 1) which areas in the U.S. are seeing the most birth tourism? 2) which countries are seeing the most activity? 3 3) What are someRead MoreEssay about I Am An American1673 Words   |  7 Pagescongress passed the Fourteenth Amendment that granted citizenship to all those who are born on U.S. soil. The Fourteenth Amendment was constructed to rectify the dispute that was caused by the Dred Scott case. Dred Scott vs. Sanford was a case where the U.S. Supreme Court said that African Americans that were imported to the United States and held as slaves could never be U.S. citizens because they were not protected by the constitution. In Section 1 of the 14th amendment it states â€Å"All persons bornRead MoreBirth Tourism : The United States1238 Words   |  5 Pages Birth Tourism Birth tourism is an ongoing problem in the United States. The definition of Birth Tourism is when a person travels to another country for the purpose of giving birth in that country. â€Å"Anchor Baby† is another related term which can have negative connotations. Some reasons for the practice include free schooling, medical needs and citizenship for both the child and the parents. According to M. Ormonde in her article â€Å"Debunking the Myth of the Anchor Baby†, she claims the problem withRead MoreImmigration And The United States898 Words   |  4 Pagesplace and for the majority it becomes permanent. For many years America has opened opportunities for immigrates to come for political or religious freedom. The 14th amendment to the U.S. constitution guarantees citizenship to everyone who is born in America. Many people who live outside America use this amendment as an opportunity to give birth so their children will grow in America. People come to the U.S. in many ways; some get academic or employee opportunity while the majority have family membersRead MoreThe Importance Of Strategic Quality Management And Economic Development3205 Words   |  13 Pagesis Urdu for common communication in every part of the country almost the entire population is Muslim, Hindus, Sikh and Christians only 3% of the population. The current literacy rate is 53%; males 66.25%, females 41.75%. Pakistan came into being in 14th august, 1947, but unfortunately after passing 60years its still stand in the developing countries because of political instability, poor planning of infrastrure and all sectors of economy, only during last decades, Pakistani government changed by 4-fiveRead MoreEconomic Immigration: the Case of Spain4636 Words   |  19 Pagesdeveloped countries stagnated, mainly because of a fall in refugees. Contrast that to the average rate of globalization (the proportion of cross-border trade in all trade), which exceeds 20 percent. The numbers of people living outside their country of birth is expected to rise in the future. The Middle West, some parts of Europe, small areas of South West Asia, and a few spots in the East Indies have the highest percentages of immigrant population recorded by the UN Census 2005. The reliability of immigrantRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pageshis nature. Unity, equality, trade and commerce are at the forefront of mans complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desires in relation to others. The advent of the twenty-first century gave birth to the idea of making the world a single village, thus, globalization. Globalization is the most talk-about issues in the 21st century. However, there is the difficulty of the world to come up with a single and uniform definition. This is because,Read MoreEu, Nafta, Asean12786 Words   |  52 Pages2011  estimate |   -   | Total | $15.821 trillion[6]  (1st ¹) |   -   | Per capita | $31,607[6]  (15th ¹) | GDP  (nominal) | 2011  estimate |   -   | Total | $17.577 trillion[6]  (1st ¹) |   -   | Per capita | $35,116[7]  (14th ¹) | Gini  (2010) | 30.4[8]  (medium)   | HDI  (2011) | 0.856[9]  (very  high)  (14th ¹) | Currency | Euro  (â‚ ¬)  (EUR)[show] | Time zone | (UTC+0 to +2) |   -   | Summer  (DST) |   (UTC+1 to +3[a]) | Internet TLD | .eu[b] | Website europa.eu | Calling code | See list | 1 | If consideredRead MoreBusiness in Singapore30736 Words   |  123 Pagesservices. DOING BUSINESS IN SINGAPORE 7 To enhance the tourism sector, the government initiated the development of two integrated resorts and casinos in 2005, drawing in investments of more than US$5 billion. Las Vegas Sands’ Marina Bay Sands Resort and Genting International’s Resort World Sentosa opened their doors in early 2010. These businesses are growing rapidly and may become the two main revenue contributors in the tourism sector which will enhance Singapore’s reputation as a premium

Outline the Main Features of Experimental Social Psychology free essay sample

Outline the main features of experimental social psychology and consider the influences that led to its emergence. What do you think are its strengths and weaknesses? Social psychology has many different theoretical perspectives. The focus of this essay will be the cognitive social perspective and its central method of research; experiments. I will therefore refer to this approach as experimental social psychology (ESP). My aim is to argue that despite some downfalls, ESP provides an indispensible contribution to understanding how the mind is structured by society (Haslam, 2007, DVD 1, DD307). To argue this I will outline the key characteristics of the approach which will involve looking at its historical development. This will give us an insight into how the discipline became grounded within scientific principles and was the dominant approach for much of its 100 year history (Holloway, 2007). I will then draw out what features undermined the perspective and will place the favourable and questionable aspects of the approach within four analytical themes called power relations; situated knowledge; individual-social dualism and agency-structure dualism (Holloway, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Outline the Main Features of Experimental Social Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These will also be used to critically evaluate ESP. Other perspectives will be incorporated to illustrate strengths and weaknesses but I will not go into detail about them. The intent is to finish the essay with a resonating thought that ESP has its main downfalls routed in its historical negligence but is nevertheless an invaluable source of knowledge that can be seen as complimentary to other perspectives. ESP aims to research the â€Å"science of social behaviour† (DVD 1, DD307, 2007) by using quantitative methods of investigation such as the laboratory experiment. Although not confined to the laboratory, this setting facilitates achieving two of the main features within the discipline: control and measurement. It would be impractical to attempt to record physiological responses though observational methods. Experiments are used as a tool in which researchers aim to isolate variables and show that by manipulating them they can cause a particular outcomes (DVD 1, DD307, 2007). The main feature that sets this perspective in opposition with the others is that it carries out quantitative rather than qualitative research. It is therefore worth looking at why statistical methodologies are employed. Perspectives are governed by particular ontological and methodological assumptions and ESP believes that individuals are social thinkers. This ontology gives rise to a statistical methodology which adheres to scientific principles. The outcome of these assumptions is the methods. Thus in the case of ESP, experiments are utilised to extract internal causal mechanisms. ESP emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century when science had â€Å"an almost religious status† (Holloway, 2007, p. 4). At a time when it was believed that science was the key to all knowledge it seems obvious why psychologists attempted to apply this undefeatable knowledge to understanding people in their social world. Historical influences such as the First World War had significant impact on research subjects at the time. Allport (1924) for instance, carried out investigations into social facilitation, a subject relevant to warfare tactics (cited in Holloway, 2007). Another heavy influence that lent support to ESP was psychometrics. The practical implication of having the means to measure psychological characteristics was considered a big leap forward. For example, an article in the New York Times predicted that with the use of psychometrics they could match people up to their best suited jobs and therefore produce an enormous growth of national wealth (cited in Holloway, 2007). In analysing how the ESP became dominant within social psychology the concept of power relation is a useful tool. Without the backing of universities, publishers and funding bodies’ ESP could not have risen to be as powerful as it was. Institutional power and science were extremely influential in how knowledge was produced and interpreted. Experiments therefore had the power to give scientific authority to the knowledge they produced (Holloway, 2007). Experimental methods produce results with forceful impacts. Presenting numerical figures that can represent cause and effect such as ‘students will improve their grades by 45% if they attend tutorials’ is a quality that lends power to the discipline as this type of knowledge is heavily sought after by commercial companies and even governments. Oppositionists claim that experimental methods often fell victim to reductionism and dehumanisation. Standing against the power of numerical presentation is the necessity to make complex human behaviours fit into predetermined numerical scales. How can the number ‘1’ do any justice to the complex feeling of ‘hate’? Holloway, (2007) citing Potter and Wetherell (1987), demonstrates another downfall of measuring psychological characteristics from a discursive approach. Attitude measurements make a fundamental assumption that all respondents have the same object of thought, suggesting that attitudes are a fixed phenomenon rather than conflictual and dynamic. The latter would flaw the concept of generalisation. Experimenters have been accused of not paying enough attention to their own power and influence on participants and findings. Although often unintentional, this bias has still been isolated as a shortfall (Rosenthal, 1966, cited in Holloway, 2007). Holloway (2007) citing Harre (1979) argues that a confounding variable that was overlooked in Milgram’s experiments (1963, 1965) was that the people urging the participants to inflict pain were the experimenters themselves. Therefore the findings may not reflect obedience but rather the trust that the participants had in the researchers. However experimenter effects can also manifest during interviews and observational studies which are strongly associated with qualitative approaches. Deception and ethics are another aspect that also questions the theme of power during experiments. At what cost can participants be deceived? For example, the power that was invested in the researchers of Milgram’s study (1965, cited in Holloway, 2007), not only lent authority to the instructions that were given out but also falsely led participants to believe that they were inflicting harmful electric shocks. Was deceiving and allowing participants to believe that they may have delivered lethal waves of electrical current into another human being morally right? Most people would have strong reservations about the deception and ethical principles employed in this study. However, it is worth considering one aspect that may salvage some of its dignity, that of situated knowledge. The beliefs and values of the time were that, â€Å"scientific knowledge was a greater priority than protecting participants from harm† (Holloway, 2007, p55).

Consumer Related Reference Group Essay Sample free essay sample

Group:A group may be defined as two or more people who interact to carry through either person or common ends. It types are as follows:1 ) Intimate Group: Two or more individuals who do any undertaking or work together whether they are interested or non. 2 ) Formal Group: A group of big no. of people who are larning or executing a same undertaking because of their ain involvement. 3 ) Nonreversible Group: It is a type of group in which an single consumer observes the visual aspect or actions of others. who unwittingly serve as consumption-related function theoretical accounts. 4 ) Membership Group: It is a type of group which is classified by a rank position. It is a group to which a individual either belongs or would measure up for rank. 5 ) Symbolic Group: It is type of group in which an person is non likely to have rank. despite moving like a member by following the group’s values. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Related Reference Group Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page attitudes. and behaviour. UNDERSTANDING THE POWER OF REFERENCE GROUPS:? REFERENCE GROUPS: A mention group is any individual or group that serves as a point of comparing ( or mention ) for an person in organizing either general or specific values. attitudes. or a specific usher for behaviour. It provides a valuable position for understanding the impact of other people on an individual’s ingestion beliefs. attitudes. and behaviour. It besides provides penetration into the methods sellers sometimes use to consequence desired alterations in consumer behaviour. ? Marketers’ Position:Mention groups are groups that serve as frames ( If mention for persons in their purchase or ingestion determinations. The utility of this construct is enhanced by the fact that it places no limitations on group size or rank. nor does it necessitate that consumers identify with a touchable group ( i. e. . the group can be symbolic such as proprietors of successful little concerns. taking corporate main executive officers. stone stars. or golf famous persons ) . ? NORMATIVE REFERENCE GROUPS:Mention groups that influence general or loosely defined values or behaviours are called normative mention groups. For illustration. a child’s mention group is his household which plays a critical function in casting of child’s consumer behaviours and values. ( Such as Food. Dress and Shop ) . Normative Mention groups influence the development of basic codification of behaviour. ? COMPARITIVE REFERENCE GROUP:Mention groups that serve as benchmarks for particular or narrowly defined attitudes or behaviour are called comparative mention groups. A comparative mention group might be a adjacent household whose lifestyle appears to be admirable and worthy of imitation ( the manner they maintain their place. their pick of place trappingss and autos. their gustatory sensation in vesture. or the figure and types of holidaies they take ) . Comparative mention groups. act upon the look of specific consumer attitudes and behaviour. It is likely that the specific influences of comparative mention groups to some step depend on the basic values and behaviour forms established early in a person’s development by normative mention groups. ? DIRECT REFERENCE GROUPS:It is a group with whom a individual interacted on a direct footing ( such as household and close friends ) . It is a group which influence or mention a individual on direct one-to-one footing. So. the credibleness of that group could be higher than other group. ? INDIRECT REFERENCE GROUP:Indirect mention groups consist of those persons or groups with whom a individual does non hold direct face-to-face contact. such as film stars. athleticss heroes. political leaders. Television personalities. or even good -dressed and interesting-looking people on the street. Referents:Referents a individual might utilize in measuring his or her ain general or specific attitudes or behavior vary from one person to several household members. to a broader affinity or from a voluntary association to a societal category. a profession. an cultural group. a community. an age class or even a state or civilization. Factors THAT AFFECT REFERENCE GROUP INFLUENCE:The grade of influence that a mention group exerts on an individual’s behaviour normally depends on the nature of the person and the merchandise and on specific societal factors. ? Information and Experience:An person who has firsthand experience with a merchandise or service. or can easy obtain full Information about it. is less likely to be influenced by the advice or illustration of others. On the other manus. a individual who has little or no experience with a merchandise or service and does non anticipate to hold entree to objective information about it ( e. g. . a individual who believes that advertisement may be misdirecting or delusory ) is more likely to seek out the advice or illustration of others. ? Credibility. Attractiveness. and Power of the Reference Group: A mention group that is perceived as believable. attractive. or powerful can bring on consumer attitude and behavior alteration. For illustration. when consumers are concerned with obtaining accurate information about the public presentation or quality of a merchandise or service. they are likely to be persuaded by those whom they consider trusty and knowing. That is. they are more likely to be persuaded by beginnings with high credibleness. When consumers are chiefly concerned with the credence or blessing of others they like. with whom they identify. or who offer them position or other benefits. they are likely to follow their merchandise. trade name. or other behavioural features. When consumers are chiefly concerned with the power that a individual or group can exercise over them. they might take merchandises or services that conform to the norms of that individual or group in order to avoid ridicule or penalty. ? Conspicuousness of the Merchandise:The possible influence of a mention group on a purchase determination varies harmonizing to how visually or verbally conspicuous the merchandise is to others. A visually conspicuous merchandise is one that wills standout and is noticed ( such as. a luxury point or novelty merchandise ) ; a verbally conspicuous merchandise may be extremely interesting. or it possibly easy described to others. Merchandises that are particularly conspicuous and position disclosure are most likely to be purchased with an oculus to the reactions of relevant others. ? Reference Groups and Consumer Conformity:Sellers may hold divergent ends with respect to consumer conformance. Some sellers. particularly market leaders. are interested in the ability of mention groups to alter consumer attitudes and behaviour by promoting conformance. To be capable of such influence. a mention group must carry through the followers: 1. Inform or do the single aware of a specific merchandise or trade name. 2. Supply the person with the chance to compare his or her ain thought with the attitudes and behaviour of the group. 3. Influence the person to follow attitudes and behaviour that are consistent with the norms of the group. 4. Legalize the determination to utilize the same merchandises as the group. Marketers. who are responsible for a new trade name or a trade name that is non tj1emarket leader. may wish to elect a scheme that asks consumers to strike out and be different and non merely follow the crowd when doing a purchase determination. Positive Influences on Conformity:Group Features:†¢ Attractiveness†¢ Expertness†¢ Credibility†¢ Past Success†¢ Clarity of Group GoalsPersonal Features:†¢ Tendency to Conform†¢ Need for Affiliation†¢ Need to be Liked†¢ Desire for Control†¢ Fear of Negative Evaluation Factors Encouraging Conformity:†¢ Inform or do the single aware of a specific merchandise or trade name. †¢ Supply the person with the chance to compare his or her ain thought with the attitudes and behaviour of the group. †¢ Influence the person to follow attitudes and behaviour that are consistent with the norms of the group. †¢ Legalize the determination to utilize the same merchandises as the group. SELECTED CONSUMER RELATED REFERENCE GROUPS:Consumers are potentially influenced by a diverse scope of people that they come in contact with or detect. The household is perchance the most compelling mention group for consumer behaviour. The five types of groups that influence consumer attitudes and behaviour are as follows: 1. Friendship Group:Friendship groups are typically classified as informal groups because they are normally unstructured and deficiency specific authorization degrees. In footings of comparative influence. after an individual’s household. his of her friends are most likely to act upon the individual’s purchase determinations. Friends fulfill a broad scope of demands: They provide company. security. and chances to discourse jobs that an person may be loath to discourse with household members. Friendships are besides a mark of adulthood and independency. for they represent a interrupting off from the household and the forming of societal ties with the outside universe. 2. Shoping Group:Two or more people who shop together. whether for nutrient. for vesture. or merely to go through the clip can be called a shopping group. Such groups are frequently outgrowths of household or friendly relationship groups nod. therefore. they function as privation has been referred to as purchase buddies. The motives for shopping with a purchase pal scope from a chiefly societal motivation to assisting cut down the hazard when doing an of import determination. In cases where none of the members of the shopping group knows. much about the merchandise under consideration a shopping group may organize for defensive grounds ; members may experience more confident with a corporate determination. 3. Work Groups:The. sheer sum of clip that people spend at their occupations. often more than 35 hours per hebdomad. provides ample chance for work groups to function as a major influence on the ingestion behaviour of members. Both the formal work group and the informal friendly relationship work group can act upon consumer behaviour. Formal Group:The formal work group consists of persons who work together as portion of a squad and. therefore. hold a sustained chance to act upon each other’s ingestion related attitudes and actions. Informal Group:Informal friendly relationship work groups consist of people who have become friends as a consequence of working for the same house. whether or non they work together as a squad. 4. Virtual Groups or Communities:This group or community is a community of globalisation in which people are adhering through societal relationships alternatively of geographical relationships. These communities provide their members an entree to extended sums promotional. family and societal interaction covering an highly broad scope of subjects and issues. Virtual communalities provides all chance for a seller to turn to consumers with a peculiar common involvements can be one of the primary pleasures a consumer has online. and besides have the ability to heighten the ingestion experience. 5. Brand Communities:There is a definite feeling among sellers that if you want to construct up trueness to your trade name. your merchandise has to hold an active societal life. A trade name community is a specialised. non-geographically bound community. based on a structured societal relationships among admires of a trade name ; it is marked by a shared consciousness. rites and traditions. and a sense of moral duty. The trade name community is. hence. â€Å"customer centric† it is the client experience that provides significance to the trade name community instead than the trade name itself. CONSUMER ACTION GROUPS:A peculiar sort of consumer group-a consumer-action group-has emerged in response to the consumerist motion. Groups that are dedicated to supplying consumers with aid in their attempt to do the right purchase determinations. consume merchandises and services in a healthy and responsible mode. and to by and large add to the overall quality of their lives. Consumer-action groups can be divided into two wide classs: ( 1 ) Those that organize to rectify a specific consumer maltreatment and so disband and ( 2 ) Those that. form to turn to broader. more permeant job countries and operate over an drawn-out or indefinite period of clip. The overruling aim of many consumer-action groups is to convey sufficient force per unit area to bear on selected members of the concern community to do them rectify perceived consumer maltreatments. CELEBRITY AND OTHER REFERENCE GROUP APPEALS:Entreaties by famous persons and other similar mention groups are used really efficaciously by advertizers to pass on with their markets. Celebrities can be a powerful force in making involvement or actions with respect to buying or utilizing selected goods and services. This designation may be based on esteem on aspiration. on empathy. or on acknowledgment. Five major types of mention group entreaties in common selling use are: 1. Celebrity Entreaties:To their loyal followings and to much of the general populace. famous persons represent an idealisation of life that most people imagine that they would love to populate. Advertisers spend tremendous amounts of money to hold famous persons promote their merchandises. with the outlook that the reading or sing audience will respond positively to the celebrity’s association with their merchandises ; famous person subscribers or celebrated people hold the viewer’s attending. A house that decides to use a famous person to advance its merchandise or service has the pick of utilizing the famous person to give a testimony or an indorsement as an histrion in commercials a company’s interpreter. Consumer Credibility:The audience’s perceptual experience of both the celebrity’s expertness ( how much the famous person knows about the merchandise country ) and trustiness ( how honest the famous person is about what he or she says about the merchandise ) . When a famous person endorses merely one merchandise. consumers are likely to comprehend the merchandise in a extremely favourable visible radiation and bespeak a greater purpose to buy it. In contrast. when a famous person endorses a assortment of merchandises. his or her sensed credibleness is. reduced because of the evident economic motive underlying the celebrity’s attempts. Types of Celebrity Entreaties: 2. The Expert:It is a individual who. because of his or her business. particular preparation. or experience. is in a alone place to assist the prospective consumer measure the merchandise or service that the Advertisement promotes. For illustration. an advertizement for a quality frying pan may have the indorsement of a chef ; an ad for angling tackle may incorporate the indorsement of a professional fishing usher. 3. The Common Man:A mention group entreaty that uses the testimonies of satisfied clients is known as the common-man attack. The advantage of the common-man entreaty is that it demonstrates to prospective clients that person merely like them utilizations and is satisfied with the merchandise or service being advertised. The common-man entreaty is particularly effectual in public wellness proclamations ( such as antismoking or high blood force per unit area messages ) . for most people seem to place with people like themselves when it comes to such messages. 4. The Executive or Employees Spokesperson:During the past two decennaries. an increasing figure of houses have used their top executives as interpreters in consumer ads. The popularity of this type of advertisement likely is due to the success and promotion received by a figure of executive interpreters. Like famous person interpreters. executive interpreters seem to be admired by the general population because of their accomplishments and the position implicitly conferred on concern leaders. The visual aspect of a company’s head executive in its advertisement seems to connote that person at the top is watching over the consumers’ best involvements. and it encourages Consumers to hold more assurance in the firm’s merchandises or services. 5. Trade or Spokes Character:Trade or spokes-characters every bit good as familiar sketch characters serve as quasi-celebrity subscribers. These trade spokes-characters present an ideal. idealized and dispense information that can be really of import for the merchandise or service that they â€Å"work for† . With few exclusions. trade characters serve as sole radiuss individuals for a peculiar merchandise or service. They sometimes provide a sort of personality for the merchandise or service and. do the merchandise look friendlier. 6. Other Reference Group Entreaties:A assortment of other promotional schemes can work as a frame of mention for consumers. Respected retail merchants and the column content of particular involvement magazines can besides work as frames of mention that influence consumer attitudes and behaviour. THE FAMILY IS A CONCEPT IN FLUX:? FAMILY:â€Å"Family is defined as two or more individuals related by blood. matrimony ; or acceptance who reside together† . In a more dynamic sense. the persons who constitute a household might be described as members of the most basic societal group who live together and interact to fulfill their personal and common demands. The household remains the cardinal or dominant establishment in supplying for the public assistance of its members. ? Family: Families sometimes are referred to as families. non all families are households. For illustration. a family might include persons who are non related by blood. matrimony. or acceptance. such as single twosomes. household friends. roomies. or lodgers. However. within the context of consumer behaviour. house-holds and households normally are treated as synonymous. and we will go on this convention. TYPES OF FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS:? Married Couples:The simplest type of household. in figure of members. is the married couple-a hubby and a married woman. As a family unit. the married twosome by and large is representative of either new married who have non yet started a household or older twosomes who have already raised their kids. ? Nuclear Family:A hubby and married woman and one or more kids constitute a atomic household. This type of household is still platitude but has been on the declined. ? Extended Family:The atomic household. together with at least one grandparent life within the family. is called an drawn-out household. Within the past 30 old ages the incidence of the drawn-out household has besides declined because of the geographic mobility that splits up households. Furthermore. because of divorce. separation. and out-of-wedlock births. there has been a rapid addition in the figure of single-parent household families. ? Single Parent Family:Single parent household families are those dwelling of one parent and at least one kid. It could be as a consequence of divorce or any other factor. TYPES OF NON FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS:? Unmarried Couples:These are the twosomes who live together without any relationship. It could be friends. roomies etc. ? Friends/Roommates:These are the families who consist of no. of friends populating together or roomies such as Bachelors in our society. ? Lodgers:These are the individuals who live in the same room of get oning house or college inn or in ground forces. Socialization OF FAMILY Members:â€Å"It is the procedure by which kids get the accomplishments. cognition. and attitudes necessary to work as consumers† . The socialisation of household members. runing from immature kids to grownups is a cardinal household map. In instance of immature kids. this procedure includes leaving to kids the basic values and manners of behavior consistent with the civilization. These by and large include moral and spiritual rules. interpersonal accomplishments. frock and training criterions. appropriate manners and address. and the choice of suited educational or calling ends. Parental Socialization:Parental socialisation duty seems to be invariably spread outing. Parents are frequently dying to see their immature kids possess equal computing machine accomplishments. about before they are able to speak or walk. Because of parents’ intensive involvement in their kids larning about utilizing a computing machine. hardware and package developers are on a regular basis developing their merchandises targeted at parents seeking to purchase such points for their kids. Parents changeless force per unit area to assist their immature kids to procure an advantage or maintain in front are the demanding day-to-day agendas that rule the lives of many kids. Such feverish agendas foster a contrast concentration on competition and consequences and non holding a merriment or being created. Sellers often target parents looking for aid in the undertaking of socialising their kids. Sellers are sensitive to the fact that the socialisation of immature kids provides an chan ce to set up a foundation on which subsequently experiences continue to construct throughout the life. These experiences are reinforced and modified as the kid grows into adolescence. the adolescent old ages. and finally into childhood. Consumer Socialization of Children:The facet of childhood socialisation that is peculiarly relevant to the survey of consumer behaviour of kids. Many preteen kids get their consumer behaviour norms through observation of their parents and older siblings. who function as a function theoretical account and beginnings of cues for basic ingestion acquisition. In contrast. striplings and adolescents are likely to look to their friends for theoretical accounts of acceptable ingestion behaviour. Younger kids respond positively to advertizements using a interpreter who seems to carry through a parental function. whereas adolescents frequently like merchandises for the simple ground that their parent disapprove of them. Adult Consumer Socialization:Socialization begins in an early childhood and extends throughout a person’s full life. e. g. . when a freshly married twosome establishes their ain family. their accommodations to life and devouring together in portion of this go oning procedure. Similarly. the accommodations of a retired twosome who decide to travel someplace else is a portion of ongoing socialisation procedure. Integrational Socialization:Certain merchandise truenesss or trade name penchants are transferred from one coevals to another. This is called Integrational trade name transportation. Specific trade name penchants for merchandises are often passed on from one coevals to another coevals. A simple theoretical account of the socialisation procedure that focuses on the socialisation of immature kids but that can be extended to household members of all ages. The pointers run both ways between the immature individual and other household members and between immature individual and his or her friends. These two directional pointers signify that socialisation is truly a bipartisan street. in which the immature individual is both socialised and influences those who are making the socialization. Parental heat relates positively to: 1 ) The extent to which a child’s involvement in the cyberspace serves as a accelerator for increased parental cyberspace involvement. 2 ) How much the kid teaches a parent about the cyberspace 3 ) Whether the kid acts as the parent’s cyberspace agent ( e. g. . the kid stores for the parent on the cyberspace ) . As kids are frequently more comfy than their parents with digital and electronic media. they are frequently the 1s in the household who do the instruction. Other Functions of the Family:Three basic maps provided by the household are peculiarly relevant to a treatment of consumer behaviour. These include: 1 ) Economic Wellbeing:The household who forms their household for economic security. supplying fiscal agencies to its dependants is unimpeachably a basic household map. So. that hubby. married woman and kids work for the fiscal strength of their household. 2 ) Emotional Support:The household which is formed for the emotional nutriment ( including love. fondness. and familiarity ) with its members. In carry throughing this map. the household provides support and encouragement and assists its members in get bying with determination devising and with personal or societal jobs. 3 ) Suitable Family Life Manners:Upbringing. experience. and the personal and jointly held ends of the partners determine the importance placed on instruction or calling. on reading. telecasting sing. on the acquisition of computing machine accomplishments etc. a household being together one time meant making things together. today it means in the same family and each individual making his or her ain thing. Family lifestyle committednesss. including the allotment of clip. are greatly act uponing ingestion forms. Family Decision Making A ; ingestion related functions:Sellers recognize the household as the basic consumer determination doing units ; they most often examine the attitudes and behaviours of the one household member whom they believe to be the individual most likely to be the primary user of the merchandise or service. Key Family Consumption Roles: Dynamicss of Husband-Wife Decision Making:? Husband Dominated:? Wife Dominated:? Joint:– Equal:– Syncratic:? Autonomic:– Solitary:– Unilateral: The Family Life Cycle:It is a utile selling tool when one keeps in head that there are household and lifestyles agreements that are to the full accounted for by the traditional representation. Flc analysis enables sellers to section households in footings of a series of phases crossing the life class of a household unit. The flc is a composite variable by consistently uniting such normally used demographic variables as matrimonial position. size of household. age of household members. and employment position of the caput of family. Traditional Family Life Cycle:It is a patterned advance of phases through which many households pass. get downing with bachelorhood. traveling on to marriage ( and the creative activity of basic household unit ) . so to household growing ( with the birth of kids ) . to household contraction. and stoping with the disintegration of the basic unit. Different phases of the FLC theoretical account are as follows: 1 ) Bachelorhood: immature individual grownup populating apart from parents. 2 ) Honey Mooners: immature married twosomes.3 ) Parenthood: Married twosome with at least one kid life at place. 4 ) Postparenthood: an older married twosome with no kids populating at place. 5 ) Dissolution: one surviving partner.

Occupation Of Japan Essays - Empire Of Japan, Strategic Management

Occupation of Japan The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winte r. The thousands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, "Send me food, or send me bullets." American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the J apanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional r eform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constituti on and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, "Ah so, ah so." People started to call him " Ah-so-san." Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured

Max Weber and Michel Foucault come from different schools of thought and this is most evident in their treatise on power Essay Example

Max Weber and Michel Foucault come from different schools of thought and this is most evident in their treatise on power Essay Example Max Weber and Michel Foucault come from different schools of thought and this is most evident in their treatise on power Essay Max Weber and Michel Foucault come from different schools of thought and this is most evident in their treatise on power Essay Max Weber has claimed that power arises when given two people in a social relationship one will try to get himself in a better position to enforce his will on the other despite any form of resistance.  Ã‚   This then assumes that there is conflict between these two parties in the social relationship as both try to enact his will and only one succeeds in doing so because level of power differ between individuals and groups and some who have limited power are subject to accept the will of those with greater power.According to Weber, there are 3 kinds of power: coercive which means that the object is forced to accept another’s will for fear of punishment and repercussions; utilitarian which means that the object obeys the will of the subject because it furthers his own interests and motives; finally, because the subject has a legitimate claim to power and necessitates obedience from others.   Weber further streamlines his definition of power with domination and authority, whe rein domination are the probabilities that one will be obeyed, its truest form being that obedience is given voluntarily as it is within the interest of the follower to do so.   Authority is a form of domination which Weber goes on to define in his treatise to take the form of traditional, charismatic and legal.With this kind of power, Weber illustrates a stratified form of social relationships wherein the one with power will be on top of the structure commanding the rest of society who obey him and who are positioned underneath him.Foucault’s definition of power is totally different from that of Weber’s since his sense of power is not associated with positioning or domination but is closely linked to knowledge.   Foucault claims that power is derived from the exchange of knowledge in the economy of discourse.   In this economy there is a constant exchange of knowledge the veracity of which is arbitrary. Thus, declarations of knowledge will only be accepted as tr ue if the receiver of that knowledge holds it to be true.   Upon acceptance of the knowledge as truth, the receiver is then affected by this truth thus resulting in the subject, the declarer, to have power over its object, the receiver.   Therefore, the definition of power for Foucault is the ability of one to affect another’s behavior and actions.Both sociologists agree that power comes with resistance.   In the case of Weber, resistance will come in the form of the opposite which the receiver would want to enforce as well but due to his limited level of power cannot but obey the command of the subject.   Foucault claims that the discourse that creates power is the same discourse that forms the resistance.   Within a dialogue, to forms of knowledge will be declared and the non-acceptance of the declarations as truth will create the resistance to the influence or power of the other.Because of the subjectivity of Foucault’s power and knowledge base, Weber†™s definition of power and its implementation in society is far more accepted as the true definition of power – and following Foucault, it would mean that his economy of discourse serves as the resistance to the power of Weber.References:Peterson, Ryan. Michael Foucault Power/Knowledge. 12 November 2001. 14 February 14, 2008. colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory54.htmMathiason, John. The Power to Legitimize: from Max Weber to Hans Blix. International Studies Association. 2004. 14 February 2008. http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/intlmgt/readings/The_use_of_legitimation.htmPower, Domination, Legitimation, and Authority. Sociology 250. 1999. 14 February 2008. http://uregina.ca/~gingrich/o12f99.htm

Why has mental health policy been neglected Essay

Why has mental health policy been neglected - Essay Example onomically handicapped countries would rise to problematic proportions if measures are not adopted to give ample attention to these ill people and treat them too. If the Government is deaf and blind to the needs of the mentally ill, the chances are that the problem is going to be blown out of proportions. The mentally ill are looked after by relatives who can ill-afford the cost of treatment apart from arranging the care. Mental ill health also has an impact on the other physical illnesses that a human can have (BBC News, 2007). This finally will result in a situation where medical help, social support and therapy do not reach the ill person for want of resources. There is an opinion saying that (Tabish, 2005, p. 34). The well being of a person is dependent on all the three together but the crucial component is undoubtedly mental health. Mental well-being includes the behaviours which provide an atmosphere of confidence and satisfaction. This person with good mental health would exhibit enhanced self efficacy, autonomy, general competence, intergenerational dependence and emotional intelligence. Like any physiological illness, mental ill-health is the consequence of the interaction between the biological, psychological and social factors (Tabish, 2005, p. 34). Neuroendocrine and immune functioning act through one pathway and health behaviour as a second pathway contribute to mental health. Social factors like uncontrolled urbanization, poverty and rapid technological innovation are significantly bothering mental health. Mental ill health is seen in about 25% of people at some time in their lives. The illness affects all types of people in all countries, men and women, and children, the rich and the poor, urban and rural alike. This universal nature causes a heavy economic impact on societies. 20% of patients in the primary health centre are coming under the umbrella of mental illness with one or more mental illnesses (Tabish, 2005, p. 34). Four families would

Scripture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Scripture - Assignment Example The section ends with a detailed development of three topics from the Dei Verbum. How did the Church settle on the 27 books of the New Testament? The early Church was prompted to come up with the 27 books of the New Testament by a number of factors. These factors were of, religious, socio-political, or cultural nature. A combination of these factors compelled the early Church leaders, as it were, to come up with the list of authentic and authoritative books in the New Testament. These factors are: Gnosticism: This was a sect of heretical believers who posed a great challenge to the early Christians on the teachings of the church. The central view of the Gnostic scholars was that, the elect souls are divine sparks temporarily imprisoned in the physical bodies as a result of precosmic catastrophe, and as such, these souls have a natural knowledge (gnosis) of their origin and destiny, and this natural knowledge will lead them to salvation. As it can be deduced from this position, for th e Gnostics, there was absolutely no need of an authoritative body of knowledge or traditions that would serve as a condition for salvation. Some of the Gnostic scholars were, Basilides, Carpocrates, and Valentinus and Marcion. The early Christians, therefore, had to come up with an authoritative body of knowledge that contained the teachings of their founder, JesusChrist, and the apostles, that would serve as a guide for their followers and that would enlighten the Christians against the heresies and the fallacies of the Gnostics. Montanism was another heretical religious sect that prompted the formation of the New Testament in the early centuries of Christianity. This Christian movement was a charismatic movement that claimed to be a religion of the Holy Spirit, and it was marked by ecstatic outbursts. This sect claimed that this kind of ecstatic outbursts was the only true form of Christianity. To counter this heretical movement and its teachings, the early church came had to come up with correct teachings of the Church which would act as a guide for its adherents. This led to the formation of the 27 books in the New Testament. Apart from the heretical teachings that precipitated the need for the formulation of the authoritative teachings of the Church, another phenomenon in form of persecution of Christians, further, necessitated the need for the articulation of the authoritative teachings of the Church based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostles. When the imperial police started persecuting the Christians and demanding from the the teachings of Christianity, it became necessary for the Christians of the early Church to determine the correct teachings of Christianity, from a myriad of other teachings that claimed to be the true teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostles. This circumstance, therefore, led to the formation of the 27 books of the New Testament that constitute the authoritative teachings of the Church. Settling on the 27 books in th e New Testament Having been influenced by the above factors, the early Church set out to assemble the Christian books that contained the authentic teachings of Christianity. And to distinguish between the authentic and the inauthentic Christian books, the Church employed four guidelines (How the New Testament Canon was Formed, online). These guidelines

Parliamentary sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parliamentary sovereignty - Essay Example The notion of Parliamentary Sovereignty has been central to democratic practice for a considerable period of time. In a democracy, the legislature is elected by popular vote and this has been a major feature of the English Constitution. In the initial stages of democracy in Britain, liberty was at grave risk due to monarchical power.1 As a consequence of the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty, the Parliament was empowered to enact or rescind any law whatsoever. In addition, no individual or organisation was permitted by English Law to set aside or overrule legislation enacted by Parliament. In R (Jackson) v Attorney General,2 Lord Hope stated that Parliamentary Sovereignty was not absolute. Thereafter he referred to the enactment of the 1972 European Communities Act and the 1998 Human Rights Act which had effectively diminished the power of Parliament to legislate.3 There was disagreement among their Lordships, regarding the ruling in R (Jackson) v Attorney General. This divergenc e in view related to whether the process detailed under section 2 of the Parliament Act 1911 and 1949, could be employed by the House of Commons to extend the life of Parliament beyond 5 years. The decision in the Jackson case apparently supports this view. Most of the members of the House of Lords were against this conclusion.4 However, they were signally unable to substantiate it in a manner that was consistent with promoting the supremacy of Parliament. In particular, Lord Hope highlighted the fact that the notion of absolute legislative sovereignty of Parliament that had been derived by Dicey from Blackstone and Coke was undergoing gradual change. However, in his judgement in this case, Lord Hope refrained from explicitly declaring that the courts lacked the power to question the validity of legislation for the reason that the latter was incompatible with union legislation.5 However, Lord Hope was of the opinion that union legislation was a tangible constraint on Parliamentary S overeignty. As per Lord Hope, the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty was central to the Constitution. However, due to certain developments, Parliamentary Sovereignty was not absolute. Consequently, it would be incorrect to contend that Parliament’s freedom to legislate is unrestricted.6 In addition, Lord Hope stated that the rule of law, which was implemented by the courts, was the decisive controlling factor, and that the Constitution was founded on this element. Furthermore, Parliamentary Sovereignty would be rendered a hollow doctrine, if the general public refused to acknowledge legislation enacted by it, on the grounds that it was extremely offensive and incongruous. The fulcrum of the British Constitution is the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Dicey, wrote extensively on the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty and deemed it to be the underlying feature of British political institutions, as well as the very bedrock of constitutional law.7 As per Dicey, parlia ment can repeal or enact any law and the judiciary cannot hold a statute to be invalid for the reason that it breaches legal or moral principles.8 Thus, every fundamental law, with the exception of the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty, can be altered by Parliament. One of the critical features of the rule of sovereignty is that no parliament has the power to bind its successors. Thus, there is no avenue, whereby a parliament can ingrain an Act of Parliament.9 In other words, every Act of Parliament can be repealed by subsequent legislation. Dicey was a strong proponent of the thought that the Rule of Law would be affected by discretionary power, as the latter would ultimately result in arbitrary decisions. This has been criticised by some scholars, who have contended that discretion is inevitable in a modern state, if a wide range of regulatory and welfare duties have to be carried out.10 All the same, several important values are incorporated in the Rule of Law, such as acces s to justice, accountability, certainty, due process, efficiency,

Developing a marketing strategy at Tesco

Developing a marketing strategy at Tesco Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationship with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises. Brassington F and Pettitt S( FT Prentice hall,2006) Developing a marketing strategy is a very fragile process and all organizations make extra effort for it to gain customers. Customers knowledge is very essential to gain them. Marketing strategy has a vital role to play in an organization. Customer relationship is very important for a business. Customer needs should adhere to organisational objectives and this is important. In a nutshell we are statisfying needs of customers with profit. According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing, they offer recognised qualifications and trainings and also provide advice on marketing, their base line is : SATISFYING NEEDS AND WANTS OF CUSTOMERS AT PROFIT Marketing strategy should be adhered to customer needs and wants. Customer is an essential factor of an organisation, his likes and dislikes, thoughts and wants change with time. Its very natural, that human beings change their attitude, desires after a certain time period. The strategy should respond to those changes effectively. To capture market, companies should adopt affective techniques. Customer should know what we are doing. Monitoring and control after strategy implementation is very important. COMPANY PROFILE OF TESCO Tesco PLC holds the leading position among food retailers in Great Britain, with a market share that exceeds 15 percent. In England, Scotland, and Wales, the company runs 588 supermarkets, 257 of which are superstoresstores that sell food items in addition to a variety of other products, including gasoline, clothing, housewares, and alcoholic beverages. Tesco also operates 32 stores in Northern Ireland and 77 in the Republic of Ireland under various brands, 43 in Hungary under the Global and Tesco names, 31 in Poland under the Savia name, and 13 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia under the Tesco brand. In Northern Ireland, the company also runs 52 Wine Barrel off-license outlets. Tesco is the largest independent gasoline retailer in Britain; its 288 gas stations sell 12.5 percent of the gasoline sold in the United Kingdom. Recent company innovations include the Clubcard loyalty card as well as offerings from Tesco Personal Finance, which include a grocery budgeting account called Clu bcard Plus, a Tesco Visa Card, and a Tesco savings account. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/11/Tesco-Plc.html BASIC PLANNING RULES FOR A STRATEGY VISION AND MISSION All companies have their vision and mission statements which describe the organization.Some organizations have two statements. Reputed companies have one vision statement. It is a small description of an organizations future. What is the business? Customers? How value of customer can be increased? Tesco Vision is EVERY LITTLE HELPS A LOT Concept A strategy should be customer oriented, customer knowledge is essential. To know your customer, customer diversification in categories is important. They can be divided into segments according to their liking and disliking trends. A market research can be conducted to know the trends. After trend analysis, competitive advantage can be attained. According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably. For quality oriented customers we should make a strategy that draws their attention to our quality products and prices. Strategy should match our strengths. After strategy formulation, customer awareness is important. We need to develop channels to makle the customers aware of our offers. Systematic Approach To develop a systematic approach is hard and fragile task then all the other marketing tasks. Its id nutshell which includes all the companies objectives and plans.(Malcolm Macdonald,2008) Sequencing and scheduling of Activities Organisational managers are responsible for executing all the marketing activities and scheduling them. The main steps to make the execution on time are: 1 Identify activities to be performed 2 Determine the time required for activity completion 3 Determine the activity sequence. 4 Timing of all activities. 5 Assign responsibility(O.C Ferrel,Michael D,2007) Integration of activities Integration are of two types Simple Complex In simple, organizations subcontract the easy activities to other countries and keep complicated duties to themselves. Small companies support this strategy. In complex, the companies make decisions at the headquarters.(Bradley F,2005) Resource requirements Companies go with diversification if they have strong assets. Such Organizations introduce themselves in markets where the resources are according to their abilities. They have more opportunities if the resources are general. (Bradley F,2005) Time Scaling Time scaling is of two types 1 Production time scale 2`Commercial time Scale Both of them have different requirements according to the production and Marketing departments of the organization.(Suerie C,2005) Implementation and control:- A plan is nothing unless it degenerates into work.(peter drucker) Control is the way that we catch faults in strategy. Types of control:- Annual plan control Profitability control Efficiency control Strategy control STRATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING PROCESS This Process consists of a pattern of sensible steps that are taken to arrive at a Marketing plan. The next step would be to analyze the Market. Inorder to analyze the market there are some dimensions which need to be covered. Growing submarkets Size of Markets Market growth Profitability of Market Structure of Cost Distribution system Development and Trends Success indicators (Mcloughlin D, A.Aker D, 2010) SETTING MARKETING OBJECTIVES There are two factors Customer oriented objectives Market oriented objectives Both objectives should be designed to earn profit and gain customer. Goal setting should keep the organizations internal and external environments in centre. Only then a realistic business strategy can be developed. The goals should be smart, measurable, realistic, achievable, specific and time bound. (McCorkell G,1997) http://www.businesslink.gov.uk STRATEGIC MARKETING A strategy is a plan that integrates an organizations major goals,`policies,decisions and sequences of action into cohesive whole.(Proctor T,2000) MARKETING STRATEGY A marketing strategy should be coherent to the marketing plan. It should always be the same practically. SEGMENTATION In order to put in place a marketing strategy, the first step is to understand the market. Divide the market in to different categories. E.g. the business sector is huge market. This market can be categorized business nature. Banking industry is separate market. Steel industry is a separate market and similarly Textile is a separate market. The next step is to analyse, number of businesses working in each sector. Size of each business, their level of working. After doing this analysis, customer trends need to be analyzed , what do they want. Then after analysing we should be understand where we have the competitive advantage. And how can we bring it to use. POSITIONING Positioning means to make an image in the mind of the customer. His perception about us. What he thinks about us. What do we want him to think. How can we do that is part of the marketing strategy. Some businesses want to offer quality and some offer cheaper rates. This is where we want the customer class comes in. Does he fall in the higher class, middle class or lower class. MARKETING MIX Afetr segmentation, market selection and positioning the product, the next step is to make a marketing mix. Business should then evaluate its different marketing mix strategies which include the 4 ps. According to Adcock et al The right product, in the right place, at the right time, and at the right price PRODUCT Organizations should work on the product. How the customer values the product. It also depends a little on the company where it wants to draw attention. Existing products should have a different line of action on how the product should be modified. PRICE The price aspect is critical. If customers want quality at any price. Then in the above P(Product), the company might focus on quality. If the price set is low then the customer might see it as low quality, others might favour it to meet the finances. PLACE Accessibility is the answer to gain customers. Products available to customer in his local area, then this is an advantage. Because if products are of basic or daily needs, customers have many options and will prefer the nearest one. Internet shopping is another plus point. PROMOTION Customer awareness to product is also important. Either through internet, media or print media. Until and unless the customer does not have the knowledge, we wont make any sales. Tesco Tesco,s way promotion are advertising, public relations, direct mail, sales promotion and personal selling http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php These were the 4ps. For more detailed and comprehensive study, 3 more ps were included: PEOPLE An organisation needs to make sure that its resources such as the employees are fully trained. They should have enough product knowledge to satisfy customers. PROCESSES The processes of the company should be efficient enough to handle customers and satisfy them according to their needs. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE This factor refers to the companys appearance. How the employees look, the premises. These elements put an immense impression about the business in their mind. http://www.businesslink.gov.uk DISADVANTAGES These tools are just like the ingredients of a strategic marketing plan. If any one of it is not focused and given a detailed consideration then chances are of failure. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES SWOT ANALYSIS If an organisation works honestly with it self, this will lead to success. A business should look in its internal and external environments. For every business it is important that it analyses its strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats (SWOT analysis). Then it realises where it stands. After it knows what its actual picture is, then accordingly strategies should take shape. A companys strength could be Good customer service Good offers, packages Excellent knowledge According to a report some of Tesco,s strengths are Diverse ranges of products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Open 24 hours service à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strong flow of cash à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increasing turnover and profits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strong Balance Sheet à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growing Supermarket Chain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brand Awareness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online Shopping http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php Weaknesses Weaknesses could be like Lack of resources Average reputation Accounting system is not good Tesco,s weaknesses There is a mind positioning of low quality -(Tesco value brands) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of local knowledge of customers and culture THREATS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competition which is strong à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unpredictability in Price of raw materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recession à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shift of market to globalisation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Takeover bids http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php Opportunities Internet as a source of new markets New technologies can help product improvement. Threats New competitor in market http://www.businesslink.gov.uk In order to identify the Macrofactors, we use Step: stands for Social, Technological, Economic, Political factors Steeple: Social, Technological, Economic, Ecological, Political factors, Legal and Ethical Fators. Pestle: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Ecological factors. Now these three tools vary from organization to organization.(Blythe J, 2006) PESTLE External environment includes the forces outside the organisation. Its called the PEST analysis. PEST are the factors that make the business wade in the external environment. But businesses have to survive. POLITICAL Political changes also affect the business. If a new regulation is imposed like taxes, this could effect the companies cost. TESCO After the European Integration and agreement of free trade, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in Hungary.  Ã‚   ECONOMIC Economic factors like change interest rates, exchange rates also affect the business. SOCIAL Social factors include change of lifestyle, fashion, attitudes of people which change demand for certain product. Tesco Changes in consumer demands, trends and lifestyle show both opportunities and threats for the company. Opportunities in terms of new market and consumers, however, there are added threats of developed Swedish retailers. http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php TECHNONLOGICAL Technology has immensely changed the way businesses work now. Tesco Changes in retailing sales through the Internet is now very common. Paperless operation, access through secure servers; provide flexibility in the business running. Sweden is going through technological development with companies like Ericsson, Tesco would enjoy the logistic and distribution channels already in place http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php LEGAL Tesco National legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer rights and also in terms of production of own natural renewable resources for making clothes ENVIRONMENTAL Businesses do not have control over these factors what they can do is react to these changes by accordingly adjusting the SWOT environment. http://www.businesslink.gov.uk BCG MATRIX Stars ? Cash cows Dogs This tool is used by businesses to evaluate their different business units (SBU).It was developed by the Boston Consulting group. It places the different SBUs of the business in each quadrant according to their market share and reputation STARS These products are market leaders have good market share and growth CASH COWS These products have high market share in low growth markets. QUESTION MARK These have low market share in high growth markets. These products need considerable thought if they should be supported or not. They are not generating much income. DOGS These products have low share in low growth markets. Very poor performance and should be withdrawn.(L. Kurtz D,2008) PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE It is a model which represents the life of a product. It has four basic stages INTRODUCTION The product is developed and introduced in the market. GROWTH This phase of the cycle is where the product gains market share and generates income. MATURITY In this stage the product has achieved the maximum share and is at its maturity point. DECLINE After achieving the maximum share the product undergoes a decline phase where it has no more demand for it self.(Saaksvuori A,Immonen A,2008) Product Life Cycle Model PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Threat of new Entrants Industry competitors Bargaining power of Supplier Bargaining power of Buyer Substitute Threat Porter argued the strategy is not just as series of models at the corporate level of strategy. He noted that strategy includes analyzing potential entrants, suppliers,buyers,substitutes, and competitors. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYER It is the ability of the buyer to bargain. This power increases as the buyer has more options to buy from. NEW ENTRANTS These are the new companies entering into the industry and are a threat to the existing ones. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIER It is the ability of the suppliers to decide the price for their product and the terms. SUBSTITUTE THREAT Alternate products offered by companies for a particular product are also threat to existing entities.(Michael J. Stahl, DavidW. Grigsby,1997) MARKETING STRATEGY OPTIONS According to Michael Porter, orgaizations can continue with three strategies, 1 Differentiation Strategy 2 Cost Leadership 3 Focus Strategy DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY This strategy is used by an organization to make itself different from other businesses. This strategy helps the organization to charge more from customers as compared to competitors. One thing is for sure that if customers get extra value they can pay more. Rolex watches charge more for there product. They earn their reputation by the quality of metal, stainless steel. They undergo special test for quality assurance. COST LEADERSHIP This strategy is used by companies to boost sales. They reduce their cost slightly below the cost of rivals and sell the products more. Timex has been a cost market leader for long. They make simple watches at low price for mass market. FOCUS STRATEGY Organizations using this strategy focus at particular market or group of buyers. Organizations might make thier focus using differentiation or cost leadership strategy in that specific market.(Ricky W. G,2007) CORE COMPETENCES These are skills used by organizations to provide customers with extra benefits. Competences could be Speed Consistency Acuity Agility Innovativeness (Hamel.G, Prahalad CK,1996) RISING EXPECTATIONS Customer expectation has increased due to companies continuing improvement towards their product to satisfy them. Since every company competing with Tesco is giving almost comparable products so the only way to get an edge is to give something extra to surprise them. Employee training is also very important to cope with customer expectation like giving a free delivery at home. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE Technology is changing at a very fast rate so companies need to be good supporters or followers. Tesco can and is improving towards reducing the ques inside the stores by improving the websites so grocery orders can be taken online. COMPETITION Competition has increased tremendously in many industries and so many companies who were weak have fallen out, due to added factor weak economic conditions. Tesco club card scheme has really helped it to get through the economic condition. GLOBALISATION In this era every business considers and makes decisions according to the international market. Now the world has developed it self to be a global village. Spread of information, media, internet many different of doing business online has raised the competition even more. (Doyle.P, Stern. P, 2006) Tesco is becoming a growing chain and is one. This chain has helped it to secure strong profits.It has and should continue to operate in other countries to gain customer bank and explore new markets. IMPLEMENTATION. Tescos functional areas are Administration The administration department should keep the internal operations maintained. Finance Finance department should take care of cash flows and also take measures to control cost with out effecting profit. Marketing Marketing department should focus on sales increase and product training for employees. Research and development Research and development should maintain the standards of product quality. Information Technology Tesco has introduced self checkout machines through which people can pay themselves instead of waiting in ques. If the objective is to increase sales. To increase the sale, Tesco should work on its sales and marketing Department. Employee training is important. Product knowledge for employees so that customer satisfaction is guaranteed. It will help the human resource to market the product and give the customer what they need. As a result, we will experience an increase in sales. Customer awareness is very essential. E-marketing is also an important tool in this era to make it easy for people to buy products online. It is more easy for people to do transactions online and get delivery on time. CONCLUSION In a nutshel, i would say that marketing should have proper department in every business and it should work on an genuine plan. The rules and principles of marketing should be adhered to make the marketing plan successful. A company should also keep up with its functional areas so that the plan work smoothly.

Jewish Art :: essays research papers

Jewish Art On many occasions art has the power to tell a story or even express how someone feels. The speaker on Jewish art was very interesting. She translates many Jewish stories and commandments while portraying it through art. Very few people can accomplish this but I thought she did a pretty good job of it. Her pieces once explained told great stories of Jewish history. One thing that I found very iteresting was her idea of adding new riuals to the jewish religion through her art. I'm glad that I have always liked art because it helped me to understand her feelings towards it. The speaker showed a lot of enthusiasm and love for her art. She seemed to be very care-free and almost worry free. I though she was very cool and really did a good job of expressing her feelings toward her art. One important aspect of her art was that for her seeing her pieces come out of a fire was a reward in itself. She was not in it for the mmoney or material rewards. I think a lot of times people are only in it for material reward and it gets in the way of great art. It seems to me that this helped her to become such a good artist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her focus was mainly on very well known Jewish objects. Some of these include Menorahs, Sadaka boxes, and Mezuzahs. These where very evident part of her slide show. All of them were very obscure and odd looking but each told a storyf which only she knew. At first glance they were not so great but after her explanation they became beautiful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her idea of creating new rituals for our religion through art really striked me. I found her ideas to be very interesting because it was som   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that many times Judaism is expressed through art because there are so many beliefs on what it means to be a Jew. Many people cant explain how they fell in words so , in this case, a more fun and interesting way was used. Even though many religious people don't agree with this way of expression I feel that it is obviously better than nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was evident that the Holocaust Had a major influence on her works. She said that she liked the fact that even after her pieces were burned they

Fluorenol Polarity

1. In table format, provide the Rf values you recorded for each of the 3 compounds in Part I. List compound on one axis of your table and solvent system on the other. If multiple spots were present for a compound, give Rf value for each component and state if the component was major or minor. | 100% hexane| 25% EtOAc in hexane| 10% EtOAc in hexane| Fluorene| 0.34 cm| 0.94 cm| 0.67 cm| 9 – fluorenol| 0.00 cm| 0.49 cm| 0.05 cm| 9 – fluorenone| 0.00 cm| 0.69 cm| 0.21 cm| 2. Explain how Rf values were generally affected by polarity of the solvent/eluent systems. As part of your answer, rank the solvent/eluent systems in order of decreasing polarity (this can be done according to structure of the individual solvents and % composition of the mixtures). Also rank the 3 compounds in order of decreasing polarity (this compound ranking can be based on structure as well as on these TLC results). Explain each of your rankings. Compounds: 9-fluorenone, 9-fluorenol. Fluorene Solvent: Ethyl acetate 10% in hexane, Ethyl acetate 25% in hexane, 100% hexane Polarity of each compound reacted differently to each of the solvents used.As we know, ‘like’ interacts with ‘like’. Fluorene has the least amount of polarity based on structure and when it was mixed with non-polar and slightly polar solvents, its mobile phase moved the furthest. Such that when Fluorene was put in 25% EtOAc, which is 75% polar, its mobile phase was the furthest, followed by 90% polar in 10% EtOAc in hexane, and its most solid phase was in 100% hexane. 9–fluorenol is the highest polar compound based on structure and when it was mixed with a polar solvent its mobile phase was the slowest, therefore, it did not travel very far up the silica gel plate.When 9-fluorenol was mixed in slightly polar solvent, 10% EtOAc, its mobile phase also did not travel very far. The only time 9-fluorenol mobile phase travelled up the silica gel plate is when it was combined with 25% EtOAc in hexane because 75% of the solvent was polar, and the remaining 25% allowed its mobile phase to move up the silica gel plate. 9–fluorenone is the second most polar compound when mixed with the above solvents. Based on its structure, when mixed with 100% hexane there was no mobile phase because polar compounds stick with polar solvents.When 9-fluorenone was combined with 10% EtOAc, given about 90% polar, there was a slight mobile phase, moving just slightly up the silica gel plate. Its mobile phase moved the furthest when it was combined in 25% EtOAc in hexane, given about 75% polar, as the remaining 25% was able to move the compound up the polar silica gel plate. Based on the compounds and the Rf values, the compounds with larger Rf values means that the mobile phase traveled the furthest on the polar silica gel plate. Also, the compounds with the larger Rf value indicates that it was a less polar structure, as it interacts less strongly with the polar absorbent on the TLC plate.3. Based on structure, which of the 3 compounds can hydrogen bond to the silica gel? Explain your answer. Do compounds that can hydrogen bond to the silica gel generally have lower or higher Rf’s than compounds that can not? The 9–fluorenol is the only one out of the three compounds that can hydrogen bond to the silica gel plate. Based on Rf values shown in question one, it had a lower Rf value, generally meaning compounds that can hydrogen bond to the silica gel will have the lower Rf values.4. If you attempted to separate a mixture of the 3 compounds using liquid chromatography (see Ch. 18, Lab Techniques book), which compound would theoretically elute from the column first if 25% EtOAc in hexanes was used as eluent? Briefly explain your answer. Fluorene would elute from 25% EtOAc in hexane, since polar compounds are least likely to a have a mobile phase dislodge the fastest or furthest from the silica gel plate, which is polar.mIf the eluent were more non-polar, then there would be a mobile phase further from the solid phase, as non-polar compounds are able to move away from polar solvents because those compounds are not attracted to its polarity.5. Based on TLC, is your dibromide pure and different from trans-stilbene? In your answer give Rf values for each compound (make sure to give solvent system as well!). Do your TLC results prove that your product is really trans-stilbene dibromide? Explain. Based on my results, my dibromide c ompound is different than trans-stilbene.When both compounds were mixed in 100% hexane and 10% EtOAc in hexane, the Rf values were not so different. In 100% hexane, trans-stilbene’s Rf value was 0.39 cm and the dibromide had a value of 0.17 cm. In 10% EtOAc in hexane, trans-stilbene’s Rf value was 0.44 cm and the dibromide had a value of 0.65 cm. Since there was ‘lag’ the Rf value can be considered ambiguous and it is not very telling if the compounds are in fact different. When mixed in 25% EtOAc in hexane, the Rf value differed by 0. 02 cm (trans-stilbene value of 0.96 cm and dibromide value of 0. 4cm). The trans-stilbene and the dibromide do not share identical Rf values, but we can assume since there is only a 0. 02 cm different, it is not enough to say that they are two distinct substances; rather there is some mixture of trans-stilbene in the dibromide, because some of the characteristics may be similar.6. Briefly discuss your TLC results for the â⠂¬Å"headache relief† tablets. Do the tablets seem to contain caffeine? Explain. Does TLC prove your answer? If not, what other â€Å"evidence† would you need to convict Wiley Coyote (chemical evidence that is)? Pure Caffeine| Unknown tablet| Acetaminophen| Acetylsalicylic Acid| EtOAc/Hexane/AcOH66:33:1| 0.01 cm| 0.02 cm| 0.26 cm| 0.26 cm| Based on the above results, one could assume that the tablet did indeed contain caffeine. When the pure caffeine was combined with EtOAc/Hexane/AcOH the Rf value was 0. 01 cm and the unknown tablet had an Rf value of 0.02 cm. Since there was a difference of 0.01 cm, it is not clear to say that there was no caffeine present. Also, since the difference was so minimal between the two compounds it can be suggested that there were significant amounts of caffeine in the unknown tablet.mBased on the TLC results, the Rf values can conclude there was caffeine in the unknown tablet since there was not a big enough difference in values to say tha t the unknown tablet contained any other substances.7. Explain the key/simple difference between gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with regards to eluent (see Lab Techniques book). The mobile phase is an inert gas, generally He2 or N2 does not compete with the stationary phase like TLC or LC, where the mobile phase actively competes with the stationary phase. The mobile phase does not interact with the compounds during GC, while they do interact in liquid chromatography and TLC.8. Later, we will cover mass spectrometry, and will likely also mention a combined analytical technique called GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). A good overview of GC-MS can be found on Wikipedia (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gas_chromatography-mass_spectrometry). Briefly, but clearly, explain how GC-MS would be better at solving the â€Å"caffeine crime† compared to simple TLC. GC-MS combines gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances with in a test sample.It is used to perform specific tests that can positively identify the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. Although both GC-MS and TLC can identify substances in a given sample, the TLC is a more non-specific test that could lead to false positives identification. If the Rf values are identical, one can assume that the substance are the same and the GC-MS would be better to differentiate the Rf values for two separate substances in a given sample, giving a more accurate identification.

Print and Distribute Your Book with Blurb and Reedsy

Print and Distribute Your Book with Blurb and Reedsy Print and Distribute Your Book with Blurb and Reedsy At Reedsy HQ this week, we’re taking a big step towards our goal of making it easier for authors to get their books into the hands of readers. With the announcement of our partnership with Blurb, you now have the option to seamlessly print and distribute the books you produce with the Reedsy Book Editor.As the world’s first platform for creating, printing and publishing independent books, Blurb has been a publishing trailblazer since 2006, helping self-publishing authors produce over 2 million books. With the addition of Reedsy, it’s now simpler and more cost-effective than ever to create bookstore-quality books with Blurb. If your project relies heavily on photos or illustrations, or if your printed book needs to look exactly as you intend, then Blurb is something you really need to check out.There are four basic steps to getting your Reedsy project printed and distributed by Blurb. It’s a simple, intuitive process, but it can’t hurt to be thorough . So, here we go!1. Prepare your print-ready PDFAs with all modern printing processes, your first step will always involve preparing a PDF of your book. But not just any PDF: you one that’s formatted expressly for printing. Among other things, a print-ready PDF will ensure that your colors are reproduced exactly as you intend them to be seen. If your illustrated story has a character called â€Å"The Purple Princess,† you don’t want her dress to be blue in the final printed edition.To get your book ready to print, you can either use the Reedsy Book Editor (our free formatting tool) or work with one of our professional book layout designers to prepare your Blurb-ready PDF. For more complicated visual books, we would certainly advise the latter option: just tell your designer you’re printing with Blurb and they will format your book to fit their standards.